TNL-3179

The progress page did a number of things that make performance terrible for
courses with large numbers of problems, particularly if those problems are
customresponse CapaModule problems that need to be executed via codejail.

The grading code takes pains to not instantiate student state and execute the
problem code. If a student has answered the question, the max score is stored
in StudentModule. However, if the student hasn't attempted the question yet, we
have to run the problem code just to call .max_score() on it. This is necessary
in grade() if the student has answered other problems in the assignment (so we
can know what to divide by). This is always necessary to know in
progress_summary() because we list out every problem there. Code execution can
be especially slow if the problems need to invoke codejail.

To address this, we create a MaxScoresCache that will cache the max raw score
possible for every problem. We select the cache keys so that it will
automatically become invalidated when a new version of the course is published.

The fundamental assumption here is that a problem cannot have two different
max score values for two unscored students. A problem *can* score two students
differently such that they have different max scores. So Carlos can have 2/3 on
a problem, while Lyla gets 3/4. But if neither Carlos nor Lyla has ever
interacted with the problem (i.e. they're just seeing it on their progress
page), they must both see 0/4 -- it cannot be the case that Carlos sees 0/3 and
Lyla sees 0/4.

We used to load all student state into two separate FieldDataCache instances,
after which we do a bunch of individual queries for scored items. Part of this
split-up was done because of locking problems, but I think we might have gotten
overzealous with our manual transaction hammer.

In this commit, we consolidate all state access in grade() and progress()
to use one shared FieldDataCache. We also use a filter so that we only pull
back StudentModule state for things that might possibly affect the grade --
items that either have scores or have children.

Because some older XModules do work in their __init__() methods (like Video),
instantiating them takes time, particularly on large courses. This commit also
changes the code that fetches the grading_context to filter out children that
can't possibly affect the grade.

Finally, we introduce a ScoresClient that also tries to fetch score
information all at once, instead of in separate queries. Technically, we are
fetching this information redundantly, but that's because the state and score
interfaces are being teased apart as we move forward. Still, this only
amounts to one extra SQL query, and has very little impact on performance
overall.

Much thanks to @adampalay -- his hackathon work in #7168 formed the basis of
this.

https://openedx.atlassian.net/browse/CSM-17

This reverts commit 88b91874.

This reverts commit 4856ef78, reversing
changes made to 7abbbb44.

[PLAT-217]

TNL-683

This commit updates lms/djangoapps/courseware.

These keys are now objects with a limited interface, and the particular
internal representation is managed by the data storage layer (the
modulestore).

For the LMS, there should be no outward-facing changes to the system.
The keys are, for now, a change to internal representation only. For
Studio, the new serialized form of the keys is used in urls, to allow
for further migration in the future.

Co-Author: Andy Armstrong <andya@edx.org>
Co-Author: Christina Roberts <christina@edx.org>
Co-Author: David Baumgold <db@edx.org>
Co-Author: Diana Huang <dkh@edx.org>
Co-Author: Don Mitchell <dmitchell@edx.org>
Co-Author: Julia Hansbrough <julia@edx.org>
Co-Author: Nimisha Asthagiri <nasthagiri@edx.org>
Co-Author: Sarina Canelake <sarina@edx.org>

[LMS-2370]

Co-author: Ned Batchelder <ned@edx.org>

Inspired by: http://eldarion.com/blog/2013/02/14/entry-point-hook-django-projects/
Moves startup code to lms.startup and cms.startup, and calls the startup
methods in wsgi.py and manage.py for both projects.

Update existing tests and provide new ones to test new paradigm.

Refactor new set_many and update XBlock version number.

Added self to authors.

Conflicts:
	AUTHORS
	CHANGELOG.rst

stores_state is now only used in a single test, in conjunction with
has_score. In practice, it's never the case that stores_state is false
when has_score is true, so we can delete stores_state entirely, and just
use has_score for the grading test.

Use the XBlock library as the base for XModule, so that we can incrementally rely on more and more of the XBlock api