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Commit b62bb440 by Kyle Fiedler
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merged heads

parents 202d42e7 ce607db8
Showing with 982 additions and 569 deletions
js/video_player.js
......@@ -102,9 +102,9 @@ function caption_index(now) {
function format_time(t)
{
seconds = Math.round(t);
minutes = Math.round(seconds / 60);
hours = Math.round(minutes / 60);
seconds = Math.floor(t);
minutes = Math.floor(seconds / 60);
hours = Math.floor(minutes / 60);
seconds = seconds % 60;
minutes = minutes % 60;
return hours+":"+((minutes < 10)?"0":"")+minutes+":"+((seconds < 10)?"0":"")+(seconds%60);
......@@ -141,6 +141,7 @@ function setytplayerState(newState) {
// IMPORTANT TODO: Load test
// POSSIBLE FIX: Move to unload() event and similar
var ajax_video=function(){};
var ytplayer;
function onYouTubePlayerReady(playerId) {
ytplayer = document.getElementById("myytplayer");
......@@ -152,15 +153,49 @@ function onYouTubePlayerReady(playerId) {
var id=load_id;
loadNewVideo(id, 0);
}
}
/* HTML5 YouTube iFrame API Specific */
function onYouTubePlayerAPIReady() {
ytplayer = new YT.Player('html5_player', {
events: {
'onReady': onPlayerReady,
'onStateChange': onPlayerStateChange
}
});
updateytplayerInfoInterval = setInterval(updateytplayerInfo, 500);
ajax_videoInterval = setInterval(ajax_video, 5000);
}
// Need this function to call the API ready callback when we switch to a tab with AJAX that has a video
// That callback is not being fired when we switch tabs.
function loadHTML5Video() {
if (!ytplayer && switched_tab){
onYouTubePlayerAPIReady();
}
}
function onPlayerReady(event) {
// alert("ready");
event.target.playVideo();
}
function onPlayerStateChange(event) {
if (event.data == YT.PlayerState.PLAYING) {
}
}
/* End HTML5 Specific */
var switched_tab = false; // switch to true when we destroy so we know to call onYouTubePlayerAPIReady()
// clear pings to video status when we switch to a different sequence tab with ajax
function videoDestroy() {
load_id = 0;
clearInterval(updateytplayerInfoInterval);
clearInterval(ajax_videoInterval);
ytplayer = false;
switched_tab = true;
}
function log_event(e, d) {
......@@ -233,7 +268,7 @@ function updateytplayerInfo() {
update_captions(getCurrentTime());
}
// updateHTML("videoduration", getDuration());
// updateHTML("videoduration", getDuration());
// updateHTML("videotime", getCurrentTime());
// updateHTML("startbytes", getStartBytes());
// updateHTML("volume", getVolume());
......
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"text": [
"",
"All right. Good morning.",
"Let's get going. In today's lecture we continue",
"with the operational amplifier, \"op amp\" for short.",
"And what we are going to do is just build up a bunch of fun",
"building blocks using the op amp.",
"As a quick review --",
"",
"To quickly review what we've seen about the op amp --",
"",
"We represented the op amp as a device that looked like this",
"where the amplifier had an incredibly high gain.",
"So, if I had a small voltage difference here --",
......@@ -1341,7 +1320,6 @@
"It is also possible to build voltage sources and so on.",
"It is an incredibly neat building block using which you",
"can do all kinds of cool stuff.",
"",
"In this course you will see a whole bunch of example circuits",
"using the op amp. In today's lecture you will see",
"things like a subtractor. You will also see integrators",
......@@ -1514,7 +1492,6 @@
"building is a very primitive subtractor.",
"So, my output relates to v1 minus v2 multiplied by the",
"constant factor given by R2 divided by R1.",
"",
"Again, as I pointed out to you at the beginning of this",
"lecture, no knew foundations today, no new theories,",
"no new disciplines, no new laws.",
......@@ -1725,7 +1702,6 @@
"like an integral of vI, but only when I have a very",
"huge time constant. So, I give up on that track.",
"Instead I try something else.",
"",
"Another try. I would like you to notice if",
"you take your op amp, here is your op amp,",
"if you take this op amp and you stick the positive terminal to",
......@@ -1745,7 +1721,6 @@
"after coming in through this edge.",
"That is interesting. We are just one step away from",
"the key insight.",
"",
"I have an i coming in here, an i going out there.",
"Notice that, as I said before,",
"this is zero volts. How do I get my voltage vI to",
......@@ -1797,10 +1772,8 @@
"output times, if it is a resistance it is",
"simply R2 divided by R1, if it's a capacitor I get the",
"integral form looking like this. Yes.",
"",
"Can someone tell me where the negative sign went?",
"The blackboard ate it up. Good catch.",
"",
"After all that lecture about watching the negative sign.",
"After this little bit of faux pas here, now I will be doubly",
"mad if you guys make that mistake.",
......
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......@@ -1385,7 +1375,6 @@
"Let me build let me build a small circuit and measure some",
"voltages for you, and show you that the voltages,",
"indeed, add up to zero. So, here's my little circuit.",
"",
"So, I'm going to show you a simple circuit that looks like",
"this, and let's go ahead and measure some voltages and",
"currents. In terms of terminology to",
......@@ -1406,11 +1395,9 @@
"let me borrow another piece of chalk here.",
"What I'll do is focus on this loop here, and focus on this",
"node and make some measurements.",
"",
"All right, so you see the circuit up there.",
"OK, so I get 3 volts for the voltage from C to A.",
"so why don't you write down 3 volts?",
"",
"OK, so the next one is -1.6. And so that will be,",
"I'm doing AB, V_AB.",
"OK, and then let me do the last one.",
......@@ -1829,7 +1816,6 @@
"I've chosen my ground node. Step two, I've labeled my node",
"voltages, E, OK? I've done that with two of my",
"steps. Now, let me go ahead and --",
"",
"OK, so let me go ahead and apply step three.",
"And, step three says go ahead and apply KCL for each of the",
"nodes at which you have an unknown node voltage.",
......@@ -1923,7 +1909,6 @@
"took a linear algebra class? Well anyway,",
"so now you know why you took those linear algebra classes.",
"And so, if I just collected these into matrix form --",
"",
"OK, so I just simply expressed those two equations in linear",
"algebraic form, and here's my column vector of",
"unknowns, and you can apply any of the techniques you've learned",
......
subs/2xJIfHLFdHA.srt.sjson 0 → 100644
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"",
"OK. Good morning.",
"Let's get going. As always, I will start with a",
"review. And today we embark on another",
......@@ -2051,7 +2042,6 @@
"OK but take a look. Let me increase the frequency",
"of the input. What do you see at the output?",
"I am increasing the frequency.",
"",
"What do you see happening there?",
"If you don't see anything changing there you will need to",
"see an optometrist. What do we see here?",
......@@ -2079,7 +2069,6 @@
"obvious here is there is a phase shift.",
"What I am going to do is try to see if we can observe the phase",
"shift here.",
"",
"Notice here. What we have been used to is",
"for the amplifier we get a complete inversion at the",
"output. Inversion means a phase",
......@@ -2328,7 +2317,6 @@
"all the information we need to know to compute the sinusoidal",
"steady-state response to this differential equation.",
"Let me write that down here just so you know.",
"",
"Just so you remember. I am going to put a marker on",
"the shore that says this is where we are right now.",
"Now let me prove to you. As I just said,",
......
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......@@ -1324,7 +1288,6 @@
"says let's take these elements, connect them with wires and",
"analyze the properties of these using a sort of analysis",
"technique.",
"",
"So a set of a methods. We've looked at the KVL,",
"KCL method. Another example of a method we",
"looked at was the node method. And of this category there is",
......@@ -1359,12 +1322,9 @@
"if things are complicated, discretize it or lump it,",
"right? So what do you think?",
"What we will do today is lump signal values.",
"",
"So we'll just deal with lumped values.",
"And this will lead to the digital abstraction.",
"",
"And the related reading is Chapter 5 of the course notes.",
"",
"So before we do this kind of lumping, let me motivate why we",
"do this. One reason is to simplify our",
"lives, but there is no need to just go around simplifying",
......@@ -1446,7 +1406,6 @@
"had a triangular wave coming on one of these inputs and I had a",
"square wave on the other one, and the output looks something",
"like this.",
"",
"OK? No surprise here.",
"This is a simple analog signal processing circuit which gives",
"me the average of two wave forms.",
......@@ -1553,7 +1512,6 @@
"problems. So because I used this value",
"discretization and because I had this agreement with the",
"receiver, I had better noise immunity.",
"",
"Consequently, I had what is called a noise",
"margin. Noise margin says how much",
"noise can I tolerate? And in this situation,",
......@@ -1592,7 +1550,6 @@
"The problem with this approach really is that if I allow the",
"sender to send any value above 2.5 all the way to 5 then there",
"really is no noise margin in this situation.",
"",
"OK? Because if I allowed the sender",
"to send any value between 2.5 and 5 then what if I have a",
"value 2.5 for a 1? Then I may end up getting very",
......@@ -1713,7 +1670,6 @@
"All right, back to the drawing board, folks.",
"Switch to Page 8. Let's get rid of all this stuff",
"and go back to the drawing board.",
"",
"OK, so what do we do now? How about the following?",
"How, about as before I say, as a receiver,",
"if you see a value between 3 and 5 you treat that as a 1 and",
......@@ -1753,7 +1709,6 @@
"VOH. Receivers must receive values",
"higher than VIH as a 1. So these four thresholds",
"together give you your threshold.",
"",
"For the sender gets 2.5, what does sender do?",
"It could do that. So, in that case,",
"you can do that. If all you want to do is have",
......@@ -1787,28 +1742,23 @@
"So to continue with an example here, I may have the following",
"voltage wave form for a sender. So I have some sender,",
"I have a sender here.",
"",
"I have VOL, VIL, VIH, VOH and some other high",
"voltage. And then, as a sender,",
"if I want to send a \"0\" \"1\" \"0\" then I send a 0.",
"I have to be within this band. And then for a 1 I have to be",
"within this band. So this is an example of,",
"say, \"0\" \"1\" \"0\" \"1\". And at the receiver --",
"",
"Let's have VOL, VIL, VIH, VOH.",
"So at the receiver, I interpret any signal below",
"VIL as a 0. So I may get some signal that",
"looks like this.",
"",
"And I'll still interpret that as a \"0\" \"1\" \"0\" \"1\".",
"So to summarize here, this discipline that forms the",
"foundations of digital systems is called \"a static discipline\".",
"",
"The static discipline says if inputs meet input thresholds --",
"So if an input to a digital system meets the input",
"thresholds then outputs will meet, or the digital system",
"should ensure that the outputs --",
"",
"Output thresholds. So this means that if I have a",
"system like this then if I give it good inputs.",
"And by giving it good inputs I mean for 1s I have signal values",
......@@ -1838,7 +1788,6 @@
"different manufacturers can interoperate and still provide",
"immunity to noise. Yes.",
"Question?",
"",
"Absolutely. There are many constraints on",
"how you as a designer choose the noise margin.",
"As a designer you want to make your noise margin as large as",
......@@ -1861,11 +1810,9 @@
"build a bunch of digital devices.",
"The first device we will look at is called a combinational",
"gate.",
"",
"A combinational gate is a device that adheres to the",
"static discipline, Page 11, and this is a device",
"whose outputs are a function of inputs alone.",
"",
"So I can build little boxes which take some inputs,",
"produces an output where the outputs are a function of the",
"existing inputs. And this kind of a device is",
......@@ -1944,7 +1891,6 @@
"like this, even though I impose noise.",
"The ultimate test. So stay right there.",
"Let's do this demo. Give me a couple of seconds.",
"",
"If you look at the signal up there, look at the middle wave",
"form, and I'm imposing let's have a digital system in a noisy",
"environment like a lumberyard, for example,",
......
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"and I'm going to show you a similar simple process to do the",
"problem with the light bulb. OK, so take my light bulb",
"again,",
"",
"And I focus on the filament of the light bulb.",
"OK, all I care about is the current flowing through the",
"light bulb. OK, I don't care about whether",
......@@ -1809,7 +1804,6 @@
"So, let me give you an example of interesting lumped elements,",
"and then show you a couple of really nasty lumped elements.",
"OK.",
"",
"OK, so what you see out here, so we characterize lumped",
"elements by the VI characteristics.",
"OK, you apply voltage, measure the current.",
......
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"And what I would like to do is start by giving you folks a",
"little bit of a surprise. I am going to do a little demo",
"taking two of your inverter circuits.",
"",
"I am going to start by taking a couple of inverters.",
"Remember, I am using this structure here as an inverter.",
"And I am going to couple this to another inverter and take an",
......@@ -1353,21 +1322,17 @@
"And then plot C, which would be a wave form that",
"looks like this again. Let me do a plot here.",
"So this is A.",
"",
"-- and so on. Time goes this way.",
"And let's say this is between zero and 5 volts.",
"And B should be an inverted wave form that should look like",
"this.",
"",
"If all that we believe of the world so far is true then this",
"is how things should behave, so C should look like this.",
"",
"This is what the world should look like and if everything that",
"you learned about is true and correct and all of the good",
"stuff. Let me show you a little demo",
"and see if I can try to pull the rug out from under all that you",
"have learned so far and show you some surprising stuff.",
"",
"Here are the three wave forms that I showed you up here.",
"This is my A. This is my A wave form.",
"This is the B wave form. Notice that B,",
......@@ -1405,7 +1370,6 @@
"So you can see for yourself if something really,",
"really strange and nasty is happening, I am just going to",
"move up the C wave form and line it up.",
"",
"What is happening out there? If you look carefully,",
"what you observe is that the C wave form transitions just ever",
"so slightly later than the A wave form.",
......@@ -1546,7 +1510,6 @@
"because it is between the gate and the source of the second",
"inverter. And it is that capacitor that",
"is playing the games that we saw out there.",
"",
"So let's look at some of the behavior of an ideal linear",
"capacitor. A capacitor,",
"as I said, has a couple of plates.",
......@@ -1666,14 +1629,11 @@
"Let's do it. This is always a scary moment",
"for me. And I say a little prayer",
"before I do this.",
"",
"Good? OK.",
"Gee, you guys would love to see me getting fried,",
"huh? All right.",
"Let's see.",
"",
"So it did contain charge.",
"",
"So there is a reason why Lorenzo puts one hand inside his",
"pocket when he shorts it, because there is a natural",
"tendency to hold the wire with both hands, and la,",
......@@ -1730,7 +1690,6 @@
"Notice here that this has units of volts.",
"And since I have time here, this also must have units of",
"time.",
"",
"Let's go about solving this little circuit and understanding",
"how it behaves. The specific example that we",
"will look at looks like this. Let's say the capacitor voltage",
......@@ -1781,7 +1740,6 @@
"The second step, find the homogenous solution.",
"The total solution is the sum of the two.",
"And then find ---",
"",
"There will be some unknown constants depending on the",
"equation that you have. And in the end we simply find",
"the unknown constants by applying the initial conditions",
......@@ -1820,7 +1778,6 @@
"This vanishes and vi=VI. Bingo.",
"Therefore, VI is a solution to this equation.",
"So I am done with my vCP.",
"",
"And in general what you have to do is use trial and error.",
"By trial and error try out a bunch of solutions until you get",
"lucky. In general, again,",
......@@ -1831,7 +1788,6 @@
"a general solution to the homogenous equation.",
"The homogenous equation is the same differential equation but",
"with the drive set to zero.",
"",
"We want to follow a set pattern to solve the differential",
"equations here, and the set pattern is find",
"vCP, vCH, find constants. And to find vCH we are also",
......@@ -1872,7 +1828,6 @@
"Associated with that circuit is the time constant tau,",
"which is simply RC. I commonly write this as",
"Ae^(-t/tau).",
"",
"I am very the end here. I have the particular solution",
"here. I have got the homogenous",
"solution there. I need to tell you about",
......
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"text": [
"PROFESSOR: In the previous segment, we looked at the",
"Thevenin method, which applied to linear circuits.",
"And in that method, I could take an arbitrary network, n,",
"containing a whole bunch of sources and resistors where",
"the current sources are voltage sources.",
"And I could replace that with its Thevenin equivalent, where",
"the Thevenin equivalent pattern was given by a voltage",
"source VTH.",
"in series with the resistance RTH.",
"Now one of the things that I want you to think about in",
"circuits is that whenever you have circuits containing",
"voltages and properties involving voltages, you can",
"immediately think of complimentary properties",
"involving current sources.",
"So much as I was able to replace an arbitrary network n",
"with its Thevenin equivalent, you can think about replacing",
"the arbitrary network n with some pattern involving a",
"current source.",
"And indeed, that method where you replace an arbitrary",
"network with a pattern involving a current source is",
"called the Norton method.",
"So in the Norton method, what we do is we are able to",
"replace an arbitrary network n with its Norton equivalent,",
"where the Norton equivalent contains the current source IN",
"in parallel with the resistance RTH.",
"The current source in parallel with RTH is a Norton pattern,",
"and you should contrast it with the corresponding",
"Thevenin pattern.",
"So a voltage source in series with a resistor is a Thevenin",
"pattern, and a current source in parallel with the",
"resistance is the Norton pattern.",
"So in the case of the Norton pattern, which contains the",
"current source IN and the Norton resistance RN, in the",
"same manner that you defined the Thevenin equivalent, we",
"can derive the Norton equivalent.",
"So to obtain the current IN, what you do is you obtain the",
"short circuit current seen at the port.",
"So recall for the Thevenin method, I open-circuited the",
"port here, and measured the voltage, and that was my VTH.",
"So the Norton method, what I do is I short circuit this",
"port and measure the current I. That current is IN, or the",
"Norton current.",
"And then I can get a Norton resistance RN--",
"oh, I should say RN here-- the Norton resistance RN, which,",
"incidentally, is identical to the Thevenin resistance RTH.",
"I can get that in the same manner as I got RTH, which is",
"I shut off all the independent voltage sources and current",
"sources and simply take the resistance measure at the",
"port, of course, without the short.",
"I go ahead and measure the resistance seen at the port",
"with all the voltages and currents turned off.",
"OK?",
"That would be my Norton resistance, RN.",
"So again, we stated this pattern, a current source IN",
"parallel to a Norton resistance RN, where this",
"corresponds to the Thevenin equivalent, where I have VTH",
"and RTH in series.",
"So the Norton is the dual of the Thevenin.",
"OK?",
"Where the Thevenin is the voltage in series with the",
"resistance, and its dual is the Norton equivalent, which",
"is the current source in parallel with resistance.",
"An immediate question that comes to mind is how are the",
"Thevenin and Norton equivalents",
"related to each other?",
"After all, they are the duals of one another.",
"And so notice the Thevenin equivalent on the left-hand",
"side and the Norton equivalent on the right-hand side.",
"The resistances RTH and the Norton",
"resistance RN are equal.",
"And then we can also relate the Norton current IN and the",
"Thevenin voltage as follows.",
"IN is VTH divided by RTH.",
"And so if you take the Thevenin voltage and divide",
"that by the Thevenin resistance, you get the Norton",
"current, IN.",
"So this very quickly shows you how you can go from the Norton",
"to the Thevenin.",
"One question I am often asked is when do I use the Thevenin",
"method and when do I use the Norton method?",
"Well, you know, that comes from experience.",
"Like you look at circuits in one of our earlier examples",
"where the external network contained a voltage source in",
"series with a resistance, it made sense to take the rest of",
"the network and turn that into Thevenin equivalent.",
"However, if I have a basic circuit containing a current",
"source and a resistance in parallel, then it might be",
"easier to take my external network and convert that into",
"a Norton equivalent.",
"So, really, when you want to get things in",
"parallel, think Norton.",
"When you want to get things in series to simplify analysis,",
"think Thevenin."
]
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subs/EWD-sNLs2Xw.srt.sjson 0 → 100644
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subs/FGx1I9LAIGs.srt.sjson 0 → 100644
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subs/JB2HgohNHYQ.srt.sjson
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"follows. So let's say I take my",
"inverter. Let me draw the circuit both on",
"the on state and in the off state.",
"",
"So, when VIN is high, when VIN is high,",
"I get the MOSFET turning on and has a resistance,",
"RON, and Vo is the output voltage.",
......
subs/JqvKtMNz3RQ.srt.sjson
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"Let me shrink it first. It'll make the point a little",
"clearer. So, the big input,",
"green, is a big input. Let me shrink it.",
"",
"OK, so I've made my input small, and in the middle of that",
"picture out there, you see the region of the",
"transfer curve that's being articulated.",
......@@ -1700,14 +1683,12 @@
"it's variously called small signal analysis,",
"incremental analysis, small signal method,",
"small signal discipline, whatever you want.",
"",
"OK, this simply says that by boosting and shrinking my",
"signal, I get a response that's more or less linear even when I",
"have a nonlinear device. And this technique is called",
"the small signal approach. So, just to focus on that a",
"little bit longer, switch to page five of your",
"notes and let me draw something out for you.",
"",
"OK, so what I have here, this is my offset VD,",
"and from the VD offset I have my little signal V small d,",
"and the total signal is called V capital D.",
......@@ -1732,7 +1713,6 @@
"total signal I capital D. OK, so that's the small signal",
"method. So, let me summarize that for",
"you.",
"",
"There are three steps to the method.",
"So, first of all, operate at some DC offset.",
"This is also called DC bias, and in that example it's VDID.",
......@@ -1810,7 +1790,6 @@
"good old Taylor's series stuff. OK, the first term is the first",
"derivative of the function times the change.",
"And then, the second one is second derivative.",
"",
"OK, and then I get higher order terms.",
"So this is nothing new here. This is good old Taylor series",
"expansion, and again, let me tell you where I'm",
......@@ -1838,7 +1817,6 @@
"conditions, I can ignore second higher order terms,",
"in which case I am left with this expression here.",
"So let me rewrite this. Let me rewrite this down here.",
"",
"OK, I've just copied this turnout, I've ignored all these",
"terms here, and so I have a more or less equal to sign that",
"remains. So what I'm going to do is when",
......@@ -1871,7 +1849,6 @@
"current ID. And similarly,",
"ID is equal to that component. Delta ID is equal to D,",
"F of --",
"",
"OK, so my incremental change in the output is the first",
"derivative multiplied by the small change in the current.",
"OK, so I'm pretty much done. So, therefore,",
......@@ -1927,7 +1904,6 @@
"Expo Dweeb, and let me just plug in the values.",
"So, ID plus small id. Notice, I'm just shuttling back",
"and forth between the notation delta VD, and small v small d.",
"",
"OK, and so that is given by a e to the BVD, oops,",
"plus, I'm just writing that equation up there.",
"Let me call this equation X. And so, I get the second term",
......
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"PROFESSOR: OK, so i1 is very quickly calculated by taking",
"the difference of V and VTH and dividing that by the sum",
"of the two resistances.",
"So the current i1, flowing in this direction, is given by V",
"minus VTH divided by R1 plus RTH.",
"And there I have it.",
"Notice that by converting the arbitrary network N into the",
"Thevenin equivalent, I turn this into a really trivial",
"problem where I could write down i1 simply by inspection.",
"Finally, before we move off the topic of the Thevenin",
"network and the Thevenin method, it is worthwhile",
"staring at this pattern here comprising the voltage source",
"in series with the resistance and the equation v equals vTH",
"plus RTHi that governs the vi of the Thevenin pattern.",
"So it's worthwhile looking at this graphically as well.",
"So I'm going to show you a little graph here and plot the",
"iv relation for this Thevenin pattern.",
"And usually the way you draw these iv relations is you try",
"to find out an open-circuit voltage.",
"In other words, try to find out of the voltage when the",
"current is 0, so open-circuit voltage when i is 0.",
"So in this case, when i is set to 0 and there's no current,",
"then the open-circuit voltage here is simply",
"vTH so v equals vTH.",
"So in other words, when the current is 0,",
"my voltage is vTH.",
"So I found one point on the iv relation for the Thevenin",
"equivalent pattern.",
"Next, let me find out the short-circuit current.",
"And for the short circuit, v is set to 0.",
"So in this case, I apply a short circuit here, and I'm",
"going to measure the current.",
"So the current in this case, i is given by minus",
"vTH divided by RTH.",
"Notice that because vTH is positive here, the current",
"flows down in this direction and is given by vTH divided by",
"RTH, and that is in a direction opposite to i.",
"And so therefore, I get the minus sign.",
"So my current is given by minus vTH divided by RTH.",
"And so for 0 volts, I get some current here, and that is",
"given by vTH divided by RTH.",
"And so this voltage here is my open-circuit voltage, and this",
"current here is my short-circuit current, OK?",
"So this is my short-circuit current, and that's my",
"open-circuit voltage, and my iv relation is drawn by simply",
"connecting the two points.",
"And the slope of this curve is given by 1 divided by RTH.",
"So here again, to very quickly summarize, I've drawn the iv",
"relation for this definite pattern, which has a vTH in",
"series with an RTH and found two points on the iv relation.",
"One is on the voltage axis, and one is on the current axis",
"by measuring the open-circuit voltage and the short-circuit",
"current, and then drawing a line through them."
]
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"",
"OK. Good morning.",
"",
"In the last lecture I did a little demonstration for you",
"where I showed you a pair of inverters.",
"And showed you that the output of the first inverter looked",
......@@ -1645,7 +1615,6 @@
"One is the 1-e^-t/RC form and the e^-t/RC.",
"Both have a time constant RC. Let me just make this a dashed",
"line just to be on the safe side here.",
"",
"That is our first piece of intuition.",
"And, as I pointed out before, in problems you face in life or",
"in ones that we give you, feel free to use the intuitive",
......@@ -1681,7 +1650,6 @@
"driving some other piece of subcircuit.",
"Let me just draw a few equivalent circuits for you.",
"The internal circuit looks like this.",
"",
"This is my inverter X, A, my node B.",
"And notice that I have this capacitor CGS.",
"Since I am interested in this node, let me show you that,",
......@@ -1695,7 +1663,6 @@
"from say 5 volts to 0 volts at the node A.",
"This is VA here. That is shown up there.",
"And VB --",
"",
"We had expected that VB would look like this.",
"We expected VB to be instantaneous and looking like",
"that, but instead because of the capacitor VB looks like this.",
......@@ -1769,7 +1736,6 @@
"ground through CGS through RL through VS back to ground.",
"And just for simplicity, let me draw this in a form that",
"we understand.",
"",
"CGS. Let me use this as my ground",
"node. And this is the voltage VB.",
"And this is RL. And V is simply VS once that",
......@@ -1783,7 +1749,6 @@
"And then what I want to find out is what does the value look",
"like for time starting from zero and then going forward?",
"Well, we have become experts at this now.",
"",
"Let's do the intuition here. Start off with zero.",
"That's good. Because my initial value is",
"zero, I start off here. What is the final value?",
......@@ -1811,7 +1776,6 @@
"I get to VS and this is my 1-e^-t/RC form.",
"I need to compute tR. And tR is the time that this",
"takes to get to VOH.",
"",
"For what value of time, for what T, does VB reach VOH?",
"I want to find tR. What's tR?",
"From that equation, that simply tells me the",
......@@ -1899,7 +1863,6 @@
"you can replace this circuit here with a Thevenin equivalent",
"of the sort for the purpose of determining what happens at this",
"node given that that is linear.",
"",
"So I need to find out that for the purpose of determining what",
"happens at the node X. I have to replace this with its",
"Thevenin equivalent. And I now need to find out RTH",
......@@ -1943,7 +1906,6 @@
"voltage because that is a DC voltage.",
"The capacitor looks like an open circuit after a long time.",
"And VTH appears there so it is simply V Thevenin.",
"",
"And then when you see those two, boy, I love doing this,",
"you go like this. That is the coolest part.",
"And then I am done. It is so simple.",
......@@ -2025,7 +1987,6 @@
"let me write the corresponding RC time constant for the",
"circuit, which is RTHCGS. So RTH is approximately 10 ohms",
"and CGS is 1 pF, so this is 1 picosecond.",
"",
"Now you will understand why I have been writing this time",
"constant down. It turns out that the time",
"constant is a very, very important number.",
......@@ -2045,7 +2006,6 @@
"the last three or four minutes is set up a little demo for you",
"for your recitation, and then your recitation will",
"cover it.",
"",
"This is a true story. This really,",
"really happened. In this West Coast school,",
"which shall remain nameless, they had a chip,",
......@@ -2083,7 +2043,6 @@
"forbidden region and did bad things to me.",
"So let me show you a little demo and show you that that's",
"exactly how the circuit is behaving.",
"",
"Notice that this is what I expect but this is what I see.",
"Look at the purple curve here. Notice these spikes that are",
"showing up there. This is true.",
......@@ -2094,7 +2053,6 @@
"why this was happening. Think of these as two pins and",
"the pins are close together. I am just modeling the two pins",
"with a role of wire. And what I am going to do is --",
"",
"I am going to separate the wires and keep them far apart.",
"It is like keeping my pins far apart.",
"Hey, guess what happened? Those nasty spikes went away.",
......
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subs/TwQScW8yLek.srt.sjson 0 → 100644
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subs/UJu_O4HwP_0.srt.sjson 0 → 100644
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"",
"All right. Good morning all.",
"Today we embark on another new chapter in what we do.",
"And the topic is going to be --",
"",
"We will talk about this thing called an Operational Amplifier.",
"Before I get into the lecture, I want to point out a couple of",
"things. One is that you are going to",
......@@ -1514,10 +1484,8 @@
"Start with something that you know and then lead up into the",
"operational amplifier and its circuits.",
"You know about the MOSFET amplifier.",
"",
"The MOSFET amplifier that you know about looked like this.",
"It was based on a MOSFET.",
"",
"There was a VS supply. There was a vI input,",
"a vO output and, as I said, a VS supply.",
"So, this was a MOSFET circuit that you've seen before.",
......@@ -1542,9 +1510,7 @@
"procedure declaration and in the call that you make.",
"In the same way, we can take this little device",
"here and abstract that out into the following abstraction.",
"",
"We could abstract that out as a device that looks like this.",
"",
"I have my input port, I have my output port and I",
"have my power port. So, I can apply VS here.",
"Notice that I've taken these six terminals here,",
......@@ -1867,7 +1833,6 @@
"was also dependent on temperature and stuff like that.",
"It is a very common occurrence. And that is certainly the case",
"for the MOSFET.",
"",
"Let's apply input. Let's do this.",
"This is vIN versus vOUT for the amplifier.",
"Notice that this is plus 12 volts, this is minus 12 volts.",
......@@ -1883,7 +1848,6 @@
"zero, it does all kinds of weird things, I am going to heat the",
"op amp. And then let's take a look at",
"how that curve fluctuates.",
"",
"What you saw there was that the op amp began to behave really",
"weirdly as I heated it. Instead of doing this it",
"sometimes did this really weirdly, like getting an offset",
......@@ -1902,7 +1866,6 @@
"this horrendously complicated function based on a simple",
"abstraction of the device. The circuit that we will build",
"is called a noninverting amplifier.",
"",
"From now on, I am not going to show you the",
"plus/minus VS. I am not going to show the",
"power port, but it is in there. It's hidden under the",
......@@ -1938,7 +1901,6 @@
"pretty simple in any case. So, I will replace the op amp",
"with its equivalent circuit model.",
"Its equivalent circuit was v plus, v minus.",
"",
"So, that was the equivalent circuit model of the operational",
"amplifier, just this piece. I draw that for you.",
"Then what I am going to do is I connect my v in here.",
......@@ -1986,7 +1948,6 @@
"here, I know v plus is simply vIN so I will just make that",
"substitution right away. So, v plus is simply vIN.",
"What is v minus? v minus here is vO --",
"",
"What is v plus? I'm sorry, v minus.",
"v minus is simply the voltage that is between R1 and R2.",
"Notice that no current flows in to the v minus node.",
......@@ -2050,7 +2011,6 @@
"to heat the amplifier to the wazoo, the op amp to the wazoo,",
"but vO is going to be absolutely rock solid.",
"Let's try that out.",
"",
"This time around, this is the transfer function,",
"the vO versus vIN. And notice that this time",
"around I have similar scales on the X and Y axes,",
......@@ -2065,7 +2025,6 @@
"large. I am just articulating the",
"vOUT, vIN curve. And let me start heating the op",
"amp.",
"",
"Notice that it's pretty stable. It doesn't change because it is",
"independent of the amplifier values.",
"What I have done now is by connecting these resistors in",
......@@ -2086,7 +2045,6 @@
"matter what happens? See if you can come up with",
"some intuition and then I will show you how it works.",
"I will redraw the circuit in the meantime.",
"",
"Let me see if I can give you some intuition.",
"This is my circuit, and let's say this is R and",
"this is R. As an example,",
......
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"",
"All right. Let's get moving.",
"Good morning.",
"",
"Today, if everything works out, we have some fun for you guys.",
"I hope it works out. We'll see.",
"What I am going to do today is a very major application of the",
......@@ -1293,7 +1257,6 @@
"notes. All right.",
"Let's start with the review. We looked at this circuit last",
"Friday --",
"",
"-- where I said that for our analysis, we are going to focus",
"on this small, small region of the playground.",
"And what's special about this region of our playground is that",
......@@ -1326,7 +1289,6 @@
"The impedance method says what I am going to do is replace each",
"of these by impedances. And then the corresponding",
"impedance model looks like this.",
"",
"Instead of R, I replace that with ZR.",
"And instead of the capacitor, I am going to replace that with",
"ZC. And this is my Vc.",
......@@ -1506,7 +1468,6 @@
"is concerned. In the next five minutes,",
"I want to give you some insight into how you can build different",
"kinds of impedances.",
"",
"And I won't go into too much detail but give some insight",
"into how you can get a sense for the kind of filters you want to",
"design. Or, at the very least,",
......@@ -1568,10 +1529,8 @@
"throughout. Let's use this to build some",
"insight into how our circuits might look.",
"Let me do this example.",
"",
"Let's say I have a Vi and I measure the response across the",
"resistor.",
"",
"So, I measure Vr divided by Vi and take the absolute value and",
"take a look at how it's going to look like.",
"I want you to stare at this for me and help me with what the",
......@@ -1596,7 +1555,6 @@
"I pass high frequencies but attenuate low frequencies.",
"Not surprisingly, this is called a high pass",
"filter.",
"",
"You need to begin to be able to think about capacitors and",
"inductors in terms of their high and low frequency properties.",
"And, if you develop that intuition, once you develop the",
......@@ -1606,7 +1564,6 @@
"you will go a long way in terms of knowing how to tackle",
"problems and being able to quickly sketch responses.",
"Yes.",
"",
"In the case of, if we get something like j",
"omega L, what you can do is take the limit as omega goes to zero.",
"If it is omega L then notice that it is going to start",
......@@ -1619,7 +1576,6 @@
"look like at that point. All right.",
"The next one I would like to draw for you is something that",
"looks like this.",
"",
"Let's say, for example, I have an inductor L and a",
"resistor R and I want to see what that looks like.",
"In this particular example, I have H, take the absolute",
......@@ -1672,7 +1628,6 @@
"That's going to end up being your high pass filter.",
"As another example, I would like to do a series RLC",
"circuit --",
"",
"-- and try to get you some sense of what that output looks",
"like. Let's use our intuition and",
"first write down what this looks like and then go and do some",
......@@ -1762,7 +1717,6 @@
"resonance point. Resonance is when you're",
"driving the circuit at omega nought equals one by a square",
"root of LC.",
"",
"I will very quickly sketch for you a couple of other ways of",
"looking at circuits. Supposing I looked at this",
"value here, Vlc, I looked at the value across",
......@@ -1788,7 +1742,6 @@
"Here I can nail any specific frequency, as long as the",
"frequency falls in roughly that regime.",
"Yet another example.",
"",
"The reason I'm working on so many examples is that to",
"experts, a large part of what they do is look at a circuit and",
"boom, give a rough form of how it looks like.",
......@@ -1840,7 +1793,6 @@
"picks up a signal. So, in some sense,",
"this part of the circuit here is your source.",
"I could replace it with its Thevenin equivalent as follows.",
"",
"So, the front end of your radio looks like a Vi,",
"R, L and a C. Where have you seen this",
"before? Right there.",
......@@ -1877,16 +1829,13 @@
"filter here. You put a low pass filter that",
"does the following. Let's say I want to hear WBZ",
"1030.",
"",
"If I pass this entire signal through that filter.",
"And if I arrange to have the omega nought of my filter at",
"1030. If I can arrange to have the",
"omega nought at 1030 then this is the response of my filter.",
"And I am going to pick out this guy and cut out everything else.",
"I am just going to get this.",
"",
"Let's listen to the station for some time.",
"",
"So, you can see I can tune to the station WBUL."
]
}
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"you a few things that behave completely and spectacularly",
"differently than how you expect them to.",
"And, today's lecture is appropriately called --",
"",
"OK. So, we're going to violate the",
"abstraction barrier here, and do some fun things.",
"And, the important thing to realize is that in all of 6.002,",
......@@ -1457,7 +1450,6 @@
"What you're going to see is not this.",
"OK, you're not going to be seeing that.",
"Rather, I'm going to show you something that looks like this.",
"",
"So, at t=0, I do see Vo looking like a step, and approximately",
"halfway through, decides, ah,",
"well never mind, and flattens out,",
......@@ -1512,7 +1504,6 @@
"So, you know, something's happening here",
"that's making the circuit behave like this.",
"So, this is VI. At Vo --",
"",
"So at Vo I'm getting this funny behavior.",
"OK, so does anybody want to take the next piece of clues",
"here, does anybody want to take a stab at guessing what might be",
......
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"text": [
"SPEAKER 1: At this point, I'd like to do a quick summary of",
"all that we have covered in 6.002 so far.",
"We began life in 6.002 by discretizing matter into",
"lumped elements.",
"And we agreed to observe the lumped matter discipline.",
"What this did was it turned real life elements, as our",
"little pickle on which we performed the fun experiment a",
"little while ago.",
"And we were able to turn that into lumped elements, such as",
"a resistor, which we could use in circuits to obtain",
"properties such as voltages and currents.",
"And when we took these lumped elements and put them together",
"into circuits, we got the lumped circuit abstraction.",
"All right.",
"So once we built these circuits containing these",
"lumped elements, we then went on to develop an arsenal of",
"tools that we could use to analyze circuits.",
"So notice that the fun part of 6.002 doubled",
"has really not begun.",
"We just made some assumptions that allowed us to make the",
"transition from physics and the complications of Maxwell's",
"equations into some very simple territories where",
"algebraic equations rule.",
"And then, we sat down and developed some analysis",
"techniques for the circuits that we built.",
"Notice we really haven't built anything useful or",
"done any fun stuff.",
"We are still developing our tools for the",
"circuits that we created.",
"So we developed a bunch of circuit analysis methods.",
"We started off with the KVL, KCL method.",
"And in this method, you took a circuit.",
"And you wrote the KVL, KCL equations and also the I-V",
"relations for each of the elements.",
"And then you got a whole series of linear equations.",
"And we went and solved them.",
"The second technique we learned was applying",
"simplification rules, where you combine resistances in",
"series and so on and so forth, a resistance in parallel or a",
"voltage in series, and then used those to",
"simplify the circuit.",
"The third method that we developed was the node method.",
"The node method is really the workhorse of our industry.",
"When in doubt, use the node method.",
"The node method applies to all circuits and, in fact, is used",
"for linear or nonlinear circuits.",
"And by and large, when in doubt, we just",
"apply the node method.",
"So if you look at these techniques here, they apply to",
"any network.",
"And then, we looked at another class of techniques, the",
"superposition, Thevenin, and Norton.",
"In the superposition method, we simplified a circuit into",
"subcircuits by shutting off all sources save for one.",
"And then we found the subcircuit result.",
"And then we added up all the results.",
"That was the superposition method.",
"And then we learned about the Thevenin and Norton methods.",
"The Thevenin method, it determined a Thevenin pattern",
"circuit to replace an arbitrary network, while the",
"Norton method replaced an arbitrary circuit with the",
"Norton pattern.",
"Now, don't forget that the superposition, Thevenin, and",
"Norton methods apply only to linear circuits.",
"So these techniques, superposition, Thevenin and",
"Norton, are extremely powerful.",
"And they will work with linear networks.",
"And we will see a lot of situations where we have",
"linear networks.",
"And so these are very important techniques.",
"And then, of course, for nonlinear networks, or for",
"networks that contain nonlinear elements, we will",
"largely use the node method, where the node method is",
"really the workhorse of our industry.",
"Now people often ask me, when do I use which technique?",
"You've taught us the KVL, KCL method, the node method, the",
"Norton method.",
"Where do I apply these techniques?",
"The way to think about it is just imagine if you are a",
"carpenter, and you have a tool chest full of tools.",
"You know, you have a chisel.",
"You have a screwdriver.",
"And you have my favorite tool, a chainsaw.",
"So you have all of these tools.",
"And if you asked a carpenter, well, where do you use which",
"tool, what do you expect the carpenter would respond?",
"The carpenter would say, well, that's why you pay a carpenter",
"the big bucks.",
"They know what tool to use where, and they're practiced",
"in using it.",
"Similarly, as engineers, as you get more practice, you",
"will begin using these tools and beginning to figure out",
"where to use what tool.",
"But fundamentally, the superposition, Thevenin, and",
"Norton methods apply to linear networks.",
"And the node method applies anywhere.",
"So when in doubt, just use the node method.",
"And much like a carpenter would use a chainsaw to chop",
"down a tree, you can use your superposition method to",
"analyze circuits that contain a number of sources, where you",
"can break it down into very simple subcircuits.",
"But of course, the circuit has to be linear to begin with.",
"So really, you will develop experience in terms of where",
"to apply which method.",
"But again, don't forget that the node method will apply in",
"any situation."
]
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"text": [
"All right. Good morning,",
"all.",
"",
"You have two handouts, lecture notes and an article on",
"mixed signal chips. A mixed signal stands for",
"circuits that have both analog and digital components to them.",
......@@ -1408,14 +1389,11 @@
"And we are going to try to do that and see what happens and",
"look to see if we can build some useful circuits.",
"Today --",
"",
"As motivation, let me do a quick review of a",
"circuit that should now become affixed in your brains in a",
"standard pattern. This is a circuit that gives",
"you negative feedback.",
"",
"R1 and R2.",
"",
"And I apply a vIN. By now you should be able to",
"look at this pattern. And this is your inverting",
"amplifier pattern. So, you should be able to write",
......@@ -1433,7 +1411,6 @@
"Let's look at this circuit. Being curious engineers,",
"let's look at the opposite here where I give myself some",
"positive feedback in this op amp.",
"",
"And it is going to be interesting to analyze this",
"because what we find out on the face of it is not quite actually",
"how it behaves. We are going to spend most of",
......@@ -1592,7 +1569,6 @@
"amp moves as I perturb the input or the output and so on.",
"To capture the dynamics of the op amp we build a slightly more",
"involved circuit, so v+ and v-.",
"",
"This is what we've seen before, two terminals and dependent",
"source that amplifies the difference input here by a large",
"amount. Instead what we are going to do",
......@@ -1622,7 +1598,6 @@
"R2, R1. So, that is my positive",
"feedback circuit. And I will do the same thing on",
"this side.",
"",
"All I am doing is applying both a positive feedback through R2",
"and R1 and negative feedback through R4 and R3 and",
"representing the dynamics of the op amp and then standing back",
......@@ -1716,7 +1691,6 @@
"simpler, I will just replace this thing by one divided by T,",
"much as we did for first order equations.",
"What I end up with is dvO/dt+vO/T=0.",
"",
"Despite all the grubbiness, I end up with something that is",
"very, very familiar to all of us.",
"I went through a bunch of gyrations to substitute for v+,",
......@@ -1825,7 +1799,6 @@
"like this. And the output is going to look",
"like this. I make T even larger.",
"All right. It is going to like this.",
"",
"I make these so large that T tends to zero,",
"T tends to infinity in which case I get this situation.",
"The output goes dah. OK?",
......
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