Fixes #12501

Due to the way we're now calculating delegate_to, if that value is based
on a loop variable ('item') we need to calculate all of the possible
delegated_to variables for that loop.

Fixes #12499

There doesn't appear to be anything that actually uses tmp_path in the
connection plugins so we don't need to pass that in to exec_command.
That change also means that we don't need to pass tmp_path around in
many places in the action plugins any more.  there may be more cleanup
that can be done there as well (the action plugin's public run() method
takes tmp as a keyword arg but that may not be necessary).

As a sideeffect of this patch, some potential problems with chmod and
the patch, assemble, copy, and template modules has been fixed (those
modules called _remote_chmod() with the wrong order for their
parameters.  Removing the tmp parameter fixed them.)

And update portions of code to expect the proper error.

Fixes #12512

It's not available on older versions of paramiko such as shipped in RHEL6

Fixes #12477

The process is already gone, so there's not going to be any new data
showing up on its stderr; we only want to make sure that we haven't
missed something that was already written. So polling once is enough.

This change is motivated by an ssh oddity: when ControlPersist is
enabled, the first (i.e. master) connection goes into the background; we
see EOF on its stdout and the process exits, but we never see EOF on its
stderr. So if we ran a command like this:

    ANSIBLE_SSH_PIPELINING=1 ansible -T 30 -vvv somehost -u someuser -m command -a whoami

We would first do select([stdout,stderr], timeout) and read the command
module output, then select([stdout,stderr], timeout) again and read EOF
on stdout, then select([stderr], timeout) AGAIN (though the process has
exited), and select() would wait for the full timeout before returning
rfd=[], and then we would exit. The use of a very short timeout in the
code masked the underlying problem (that we don't see EOF on stderr).

It's always preferable to call select() with a long timeout so that the
process doesn't use any CPU until one of the events it's interested in
happens (and then select will return independent of elapsed time).

(A long timeout value means "if nothing happens, sleep for up to <x>";
omitting the timeout value means "if nothing happens, sleep forever";
specifying a zero timeout means "don't sleep at all", i.e. poll for
events and return immediately.)

This commit uses a long timeout, but explicitly detects the condition
where we've seen EOF on stdout and the process has exited, but we have
not seen EOF on stderr. If and only if that happens, it reruns select()
with a short timeout (in practice it could just exit at that point, but
I chose to be extra cautious). As a result, we end up calling select()
far less often, and use less CPU while waiting, but don't sleep for a
long time waiting for something that will never happen.

Note that we don't omit the timeout to select() altogether because if
we're waiting for an escalation prompt, we DO want to give up with an
error after some time. We also don't set exceptfds, because we're not
actually acting on any notifications of exceptional conditions.

The value was useless -- unused by the callers and always hardcoded to
the empty string.

Add Weekday (0-6) as a number and add weeknumber (00-52)

Fixes #12488

fixes #12495

Fix typo in checking select results

We used to display input chunks earlier anyway, so this isn't making
things more verbose.

It's possible for more than one fd to be set, so 'elif' is obviously not
the right thing to use.

Fix one more failing test on Python 3

Without this, we could execute «ssh -q ...» and call select(), which
would timeout after the default 10s, and only then send initial data.
(This is a relic of the earlier change where we always ran ssh with
-vvv, so the situation where it would sit quietly never happened in
practice; but this would have been the right thing to do even then.)

Fixes #12478

Fixes #12473

Fixes one failing test.

The long series of module_utils/basic.py fixes were all because
module_utils/basic is imported in ansible/inventory/script.py.

Because the builtin map() acts like an iterator already.

Even Python 2.4 automatically promotes int to long.

NB: we can't use 'from __future__ import print_function', but luckily
print(one_thing) works fine on both Python 2 and Python 3 without that.

Make the code compatible with Pythons 2.4 through 3.5 by using
sys.exc_info()[1] instead.

This is necessary but not sufficient for Python 3 compatibility.

The event loop (even after it was brought into one place in _run in the
previous commit) was hard to follow. The states and transitions weren't
clear or documented, and the privilege escalation code was non-blocking
while the rest was blocking.

Now we have a state machine with four states: awaiting_prompt,
awaiting_escalation, ready_to_send (initial data), and awaiting_exit.
The actions in each state and the transitions between then are clearly
documented.

The check_incorrect_password() method no longer checks for empty strings
(since they will always match), and check_become_success() uses equality
rather than a substring match to avoid thinking an echoed command is an
indication of successful escalation. Also adds a check_missing_password
connection method to detect the error from sudo -n/doas -n.

The main exec_command/put_file/fetch_file methods now _build_command and
call _run to handle input from/output to the ssh process. The purpose is
to bring connection handling together in one place so that the locking
doesn't have to be split across functions.

Note that this doesn't change the privilege escalation and connection IO
code at all—just puts it all into one function.

Most of the changes are just moving code from one place to another (e.g.
from _connect to _build_command, from _exec_command and _communicate to
_run), but there are some other notable changes:

1. We test for the existence of sshpass the first time we need to use
   password authentication, and remember the result.
2. We set _persistent in _build_command if we're using ControlPersist,
   for later use in close(). (The detection could be smarter.)
3. Some apparently inadvertent inconsistencies between put_file and
   fetch_file (e.g. argument quoting, sftp -b use) have been removed.

Also reorders functions into a logical sequence, removes unused imports
and functions, etc.

Aside: the high-level EXEC/PUT/FETCH description should really be logged
from ConnectionBase, while individual subclasses log transport-specific
details.

Fixes #12484

* Make LookupBase an abc with required methods (run()) marked as an
  abstractmethod
* Mark methods that don't use self as @staticmethod
* Document how to implement the run method of a lookup plugin.

Add mention of roles_path parameter to `ansible-galaxy install` command