.. _Discussions:

############################
Discussions
############################

Discussions, or discussion forums, foster interaction among your students and
between students and course staff. You can set up different topics to guide
these interactions when you create your course, and then run and moderate
discussions throughout the course to encourage participation and develop course
community.

Discussions are also excellent sources of feedback and ideas for the future.

For options you can use to run and moderate discussions, see the following
sections:

* :ref:`Overview_discussions`

* :ref:`Organizing_discussions`

* :ref:`Running_discussions`

* :ref:`Moderating_discussions`

* :ref:`Close_discussions`
  
.. _Overview_discussions:

********************************
Overview
********************************

Students and staff use course discussions to share ideas, exchange views, and
consider different viewpoints. In a discussion, there are three hierarchical
levels of interaction.

* A *post* is the first level of interaction. A post opens a new subject. Posts
  are often posed as questions, either to start a conversation or to surface an
  issue that requires some action.

* A *response* is the second level of interaction. A response is a reply made
  directly to a post to provide a solution or continue the conversation.

* A *comment* is the third level of interaction. A comment is often a
  clarification or side note made to a specific response, rather than to the
  post as a whole.
 
The dialog created by a post, its responses, and the comments on those
repsonses is called a *thread*.

All course staff members and enrolled students can add posts, responses, and
comments, and view all of the posts, responses, and comments made by other
course participants. Discussion threads are saved as part of the course
history.

..note:: 
 The :ref:`Discussions for Students and Staff` section describes features that
 are available to all discussion participants. 

.. _Organizing_discussions:

*************************************************
Set Up Discussions for Your Course
*************************************************

Discussions in an edX course include both the specific topics that you add to
course units as discussion components, and broader forums on course-wide areas
of interest, such as Feedback, Troubleshooting, or Technical Help. You add both types of topics in Studio.

============================================
Add Units With a Discussion Component
============================================

Typically, all units are added during the design and creation of your course in
Studio. To add a component to a unit, follow the instructions in :ref:`Working
with Discussion Components`.

This type of discussion is subject to the release date of the section that contains it. Students cannot contribute to these discussions until that date.

=====================================
Create Course-Wide Discussion Topics
=====================================

All courses include a page named **Discussion**. When you create a course, a
discussion topic named "General" is available for you to include by default.
You can add more course-wide discussion topics to guide how students share and
find information during your course. Such course-wide topics might include
Feedback, Troubleshooting, or Technical Help. Discussions in these topics can
begin as soon as your course is available.

To create a course-wide discussion topic:

#. Open your course in Studio. 

#. Select **Settings**, then **Advanced Settings**.

#. Scroll down to the **Discussion Topic Mapping** policy key. By default, its
   value is:

 .. image:: ../Images/Discussion_Add_initial.png
  :alt: Policy value of {"General": {"id": "i4x-edX-Open_DemoX-course-edx_demo_course"}}

4. Copy the three lines provided for the General topic and paste
   them above the closing brace:

 .. image:: ../Images/Discussion_Add_paste.png
  :alt: Policy value of {"General": {"id": "i4x-test_doc-SB101-course-2014_Jan"} "General": {"id": "i4x-test_doc-SB101-course-2014_Jan"}}

5. Replace the second "General" with the quoted name of your new topic.

#. Change the second id value to a unique identifier. For example, append a
   reference to the name of the topic.

#. Add a comma after the first closing brace.

 .. image:: ../Images/Discussion_Add_name.png
  :alt: Policy value of {"General": {"id": "i4x-test_doc-SB101-course-2014_Jan"}, "Course Q&A": {"id": "i4x-test_doc-SB101-course-2014_Jan_faq"}}

8. Click **Save Changes**.

When students click the **Discussion** page for your course, the drop-down
Discussion list now includes this topic.

 .. image:: ../Images/NewCategory_Discussion.png
  :alt: Image of a new topic named Course Q&A in the list of discussions

.. _Assigning_discussion_roles:

==========================================
Assign Discussion Administration Roles 
==========================================

You can designate a team of people to help you run course discussions.

.. note:: 
  The course team that you set up in Studio (or the course staff and
  instructors you add on the Instructor Dashboard) are not automatically
  granted discussion administration roles. Discussion administration roles must
  be explicitly granted to members of the course team for them to moderate or
  administer course discussions. The course author, team members with Admin
  access (Studio), and Instructors (Instructor Dashboard) can grant discussion
  administration roles

Different options for working with discussions are available through
these roles:

* Discussion moderators can edit and delete messages at any level, review
  messages flagged for misuse, close and reopen posts, pin posts, and endorse
  responses. Posts made by moderators are marked as "By: Staff" in the list of
  posts. Responses and comments made by moderators have a colored "Staff"
  banner. This role is often given to course team members who already have the
  Course Staff role.

.. removed this clause from 1st sentence per JAAkana and MHoeber: , and, if the course is cohorted, see posts from all cohorts

* Discussion community TAs have the same options for working with discussions
  as moderators. Posts made by community TAs are marked as "By: Community TA"
  in the list of posts. Responses and comments made by community TAs have a
  colored "Community TA" banner. This role is often given to students.

* Discussion admins have the same options for working with discussions as
  moderators, and their posts, responses, and comments have the same "Staff"
  identifier. This role can be reserved for assignment to course team members
  who have the Instructor role only: the discussion admins can then both
  moderate discussions and give other users these discussion management roles
  whenever necessary.

Before you can assign roles to your discussion team, you need their email
addresses or usernames.

* To get this information for a course team member, on the Instructor Dashboard
  click **Membership** and then select **Course Staff** or **Instructor** from
  the drop-down list.

* To get this information for any enrolled student, on the Instructor Dashboard
  click **Data Download**, then **Download profile information as a CSV**.

To assign a role, you must be the course author or an Instructor (that is, you
are identified in Studio as a team member with Admin access).

#. View the live version of the course.

#. Click **Instructor**, then click **Membership**.

#. In the Administration List Management section, use the drop-down list to
   select Discussion Admins, Discussion Moderators, or Discussion Community
   TAs.

#. Under the list of users who currently have that role, enter an email address
   or username and click **Add** for the role type.

#. To remove an assigned role, view the list of users and then click **Revoke
   access**.

.. _Running_discussions:

*********************
Run a Discussion
*********************

On an ongoing basis, the members of your discussion team run the course
discussion by making contributions, endorsing responses, and guiding student
messages into pertinent threads. Techniques that you can use throughout your
course to make discussions successful follow.

==========================================
Use Conventions in Discussion Subjects
==========================================

To identify certain types of messages and make them easier to find, you can
define a set of standard tags to include in the subject of a post or in the
body of a response or comment. Examples follow.

* Use "[OFFICIAL]" at the start of announcements about changes to the course.

* Provide information about corrected errors with a subject that begins
  "[ERRATA]".

* Direct students to use "[STAFF]" in the subject of each post that needs the
  attention of a course staff member.

Both your discussion team and your students can use tags like these to search
the discussions more effectively.

========================
Seed Discussions
========================

To help students learn how to get the most of course discussions, and find the
best discussion topic to use for their questions, you can seed discussions by
adding posts before your course starts. Some examples follow.

* In the General topic (which is included in every course by default), add an
  [INTRO] post to initiate a thread for student and staff introductions.

* For each topic that you create, add the first post to it to describe
  the way you intend it to be used. In addition to providing guidance, these
  initial messages can also act as models for students to follow when they
  create their own posts.

* If you include discussion components along with problem components in a unit,
  you can add a post that encourages students to use the discussion topic to
  ask for help with the problems, but reminds them not to post the answers.

======================================
Minimize Thread Proliferation
======================================

To encourage longer, threaded discussions rather than many similar, separate
posts, the discussion team can use these techniques. However, be aware that
long threads (with more than 200 responses and comments) can be difficult to
read, and can therefore result in an unsatisfactory experience in the
discussion.

* Pin a post. Pinning a post makes it appear at the top of the list of posts.
  As a result, it is more likely that students will see and respond to pinned
  posts. You can write your own post and then pin it, or pin a post by any
  author. Click **Pin Thread**.

    .. image:: ../Images/Pin_Discussion.png
     :alt: Image of the pin icon for discussion posts

* Endorse a response. Endorsing a response indicates that it provides value to
  the discussion, such as a correct answer to a question. Click the **check
  mark** that displays at upper right of the response.

    .. image:: ../Images/Endorse_Discussion.png
     :alt: Image of the Endorse button for discussion posts

* Close a post. You can respond to a redundant post by (optionally) pasting in
  a link to the post that you prefer students to contribute to, and prevent
  further interaction by closing the post. Click the **Close** button that
  displays below the post to close it.

* Provide post/response/comment guidelines. A set of :ref:`Guidance for
  Discussion Moderators` or a post in a course-wide discussion topic (such
  as **General**) can provide guidance about when to start a new thread by
  adding a post, responding to an existing post, or commenting on a response.

.. _Moderating_discussions:

***********************
Moderate Discussions
***********************

The members of a course discussion team monitor discussions and keep them
productive. They can also collect information, such as areas of particular
confusion or interest, and relay it to the course staff.

Developing and sustaining a positive discussion culture requires that
sufficient moderator time is dedicated to reviewing and responding to
discussions. Keeping up-to-date with a large MOOC forum requires a commitment
of 5 or more hours per week, and involves reading threads, replying to and
editing posts, and communicating with the rest of the discussion team and
course staff.

For information on setting up moderators for your course, see
:ref:`Assigning_discussion_roles`.

========================================
Provide Guidelines for Students
========================================

You can develop a set of best practices for discussion participation and make
them available to students as a course handout file or on a defined page in
your course. These guidelines can define your expectations and optionally
introduce features of edX discussions.

.. For a template that you can use to develop your own guidelines, see :ref:`Discussion Forum Guidelines`.

========================================
Develop a Positive Discussion Culture
========================================

Monitors can cultivate qualities in their own discussion interactions to make
their influence positive and their time productive.

* Encourage quality contributions: thank students whose posts have a positive
  impact and who answer questions.

* Check links, images, and videos in addition to the text of each message. Edit
  offensive or inappropriate posts quickly, and explain why.

* Review posts with a large number of votes and recognize "star posters"
  publicly and regularly.

* Stay on topic yourself: before responding to a post, be sure to read it
  completely.

* Maintain a positive attitude. Acknowledge problems and errors without
  assigning blame.

* Provide timely responses. More time needs to be scheduled for answering
  discussion questions when deadlines for homework, quizzes, and other
  milestones approach.

* Discourage redundancy: before responding to a post, search for similar posts.
  Make your response to the most pertinent or active post and then copy its URL
  and use it to respond to the redundant threads.

* Publicize issues raised in the discussions: add questions and their answers
  to an FAQ topic, or announce them on the Course Info page.

For a template that you can use to develop guidelines for your course
moderators, see :ref:`Guidance for Discussion Moderators`.

==================
Edit Messages 
==================

Discussion moderators, community TAs, and admins can edit the content of posts,
responses, and comments. Messages that include spoilers or solutions, or that
contain inappropriate or off-topic material, should be edited quickly to remove
text, images, or links.

#. Log in to the course with your discussion administrator username.

#. Click the **Edit** button below the post or response or the pencil icon for
   the comment.

#. Remove the problematic portion of the message, or replace it with standard
   text such as "[REMOVED BY MODERATOR]".

#. Communicate the reason for your change. For example, "Posting a solution
   violates the honor code."

==================
Delete Messages 
==================

Discussion moderators, community TAs, and discussion admins can delete the
content of posts, responses, and comments. Posts that include spam or abusive
language may need to be deleted, rather than edited.

#. Log in to the course with your discussion administrator username.

#. Click the **Delete** button below the post or response or the "X" icon for
   the comment.

#. Click **OK** to confirm the deletion.

.. how to communicate with the poster?

.. important:: If a message is threatening or indicates serious harmful intent, contact campus security at your institution. Report the incident before taking any other action.

==================================
Respond to Reports of Misuse
==================================

Students can use the **Report Misuse** flag to indicate messages that they find
inappropriate. Moderators, community TAs, and admins can check for messages
that have been flagged in this way and edit or delete them as needed.

#. View the live version of your course and click **Discussion** at the top of
   the page.

#. On the drop-down Discussion list click **Flagged Discussions**.

#. Review each post listed as a flagged discussion. Posts and responses show a
   flag and **Misuse Reported** in red font; comments show only a red flag.

#. Edit or delete the post, response, or comment. Alternatively, to remove the
   misuse flag from a message click **Misuse Reported** or the red flag icon.

===============
Block Users
===============

For a student who continues to misuse the course discussions, you can unenroll the student from the course. See :ref:`unenroll_student`. If the enrollment period for the course is over, the student cannot re-enroll.

.. _Close_discussions:

******************************
Close Discussions
******************************

You can close the discussions for your course so that students cannot add
messages. Course discussions can be closed temporarily, such as during an exam
period, or permanently, such as when a course ends.

When you close the discussions for a course, all of the discussion topics in
course units and all of the course-wide topics are affected.

* Existing discussion contributions remain available for review.
  
* Students cannot add posts, respond to posts, or comment on responses.
  However, students can continue to vote on existing threads, follow threads,
  or report messages for misuse.

* Course Staff, Instructors, Discussion Admins, Discussion Moderators,
  and Discussion Community TAs are not affected when you close the discussions
  for a course. Users with these roles can continue to add to discussions. 

.. note:: To assure that your students understand why they cannot add to  discussions, you can add the dates that discussions are closed to the **Course Info** page and post them to a General discussion.

=====================================
Start-End Date Format Specification
=====================================

To close course discussions, you supply a start date and time and an end date
and time in Studio. You enter the values in this format:

``["YYYY-MM-DDTHH:MM", "YYYY-MM-DDTHH:MM"]``

where:

* The dates and times that you enter are in the Universal Coordinated (UTC)
  time zone, not in your local time zone.

* You enter an actual letter **T** between the numeric date and time values. 

* The first date and time indicate when you want course discussions to close.

* The second date and time indicate when you want course discussions to reopen.

* If you do not want the discussions to reopen, enter a date that is far in the
  future.

* Quotation marks enclose each date-time value.

* A comma and a space separate the start date-time from the end date-time.

* Square brackets enclose the start-end value pair.

* You can supply more than one complete start and end value pair. A comma and a
  space separate each pair.

For example, to close course discussions temporarily for a final exam period in
July, and then permanently on 9 August 2014, you enter:

``["2014-07-22T08:00", "2014-07-25T18:00"], ["2014-08-09T00:00", "2099-08-09T00:00"]``

You enter these values between an additional pair of square brackets which are
supplied for you in Studio.

============================================
Define When Discussions Are Closed
============================================

To define when discussions are closed to new contributions and when they
reopen:

#. Open your course in Studio. 

#. Select **Settings**, then **Advanced Settings**.

#. Scroll down to the **Discussion Blackout Dates** policy key. 

#. In the field for the value, place your cursor between the supplied square
   brackets. Use the required date format specification to enter the start and
   end dates for each time period during which you want discussions to be
   closed.

   When you enter the dates and times from the example above, the value field
   looks like this:

   .. image:: ../Images/Discussion_blackout_unformatted.png
     :alt: Policy value of [["2014-07-22T08:00", "2014-07-25T18:00"],
         ["2014-08-09T00:00", "2099-08-09T00:00"]]

5. Click **Save Changes**.

   Studio reformats your entry to add line feeds and indentation, like this:

   .. image:: ../Images/Discussion_blackout_formatted.png
     :alt: Same policy value but with a line feed after each bracket and comma,
         and an indent before each date