<li><a href="javascript:goto_page(9)"> Contents   ix </a>
<li><a href="javascript:goto_page(1)"> Preamble   i </a>
<ul> <li><a href="javascript:goto_page(1)"> Comments on the Book   i</a>
<li><a href="javascript:goto_page(4)"> About the Authors   iv</a>
<li><a href="javascript:goto_page(7)"> Dedication   vii</a>
<li><a href="javascript:goto_page(19)"> Preface   xix </a>
<li><a href="javascript:goto_page(19)"> Approach   xix </a>
<li><a href="javascript:goto_page(21)"> Overview   xxi </a>
<li><a href="javascript:goto_page(23)"> Course Organization   xxiii </a>
<li><a href="javascript:goto_page(23)"> Web Supplements   xxiii </a>
<li><a href="javascript:goto_page(24)"> Acknowledgments   xxiv </a>
</ul> 

<li><a href="javascript:goto_page(27)"> 1  The Circuit Abstraction   3 </a>
<ul> <li><a href="javascript:goto_page(27)"> 1.1  The Power of Abstraction   3 </a>
<li><a href="javascript:goto_page(29)"> 1.2  The Lumped Circuit Abstraction  4 </a>
<li><a href="javascript:goto_page(33)"> 1.3  The Lumped Matter Discipline   9 </a>
<li><a href="javascript:goto_page(37)"> 1.4  Limitations of the Lumped Circuit Abstraction   13 </a>
<li><a href="javascript:goto_page(39)"> 1.5  Practical Two-Terminal Elements   15 </a>
<ul> <li><a href="javascript:goto_page(40)"> 1.5.1  Batteries   16 </a>
<li><a href="javascript:goto_page(42)"> 1.5.2  Linear Resistors   18 </a>
<li><a href="javascript:goto_page(49)"> 1.5.3  Associated Variables Convention   25 </a>
</ul> <li><a href="javascript:goto_page(53)"> 1.6  Ideal Two-Terminal Elements   29 </a>
<ul> <li><a href="javascript:goto_page(54)"> 1.6.1  Ideal Voltage Sources, Wires and Resistors   30 </a>
<li><a href="javascript:goto_page(56)"> 1.6.2  Element Laws   32 </a>
<li><a href="javascript:goto_page(57)"> 1.6.3  The Current Source  33 </a>
</ul> <li><a href="javascript:goto_page(60)"> 1.7  Modeling Physical Elements   36 </a>
<li><a href="javascript:goto_page(64)"> 1.8  Signal Representation   40 </a>
<ul> <li><a href="javascript:goto_page(65)"> 1.8.1  Analog Signals  41 </a>
<li><a href="javascript:goto_page(66)"> 1.8.3  Digital Signals  42 </a>
</ul> <li><a href="javascript:goto_page(70)"> 1.9  Summary   46 </a>

</ul> <li><a href="javascript:goto_page(77)"> 2  Resistive Networks   53 </a>
<ul> <li><a href="javascript:goto_page(78)"> 2.1  Terminology   54 </a>
<li><a href="javascript:goto_page(79)"> 2.2  Kirchhoff's Laws   55 </a>
<ul> <li><a href="javascript:goto_page(80)"> 2.2.1  KCL   56 </a>
<li><a href="javascript:goto_page(84)"> 2.2.1  KVL   60 </a>
</ul> <li><a href="javascript:goto_page(90)"> 2.3  Circuit Analysis: Basic Method   66 </a>
<ul> <li><a href="javascript:goto_page(91)"> 2.3.1  Single-Resistor Circuits   67 </a>
<li><a href="javascript:goto_page(94)"> 2.3.2  Quick Intuitive Analysis of Single-Resistor Circuits   70 </a>
<li><a href="javascript:goto_page(95)"> 2.3.3  Energy Conservation   71 </a>
<li><a href="javascript:goto_page(97)"> 2.3.4  Voltage and Current Dividers   73 </a>
<li><a href="javascript:goto_page(99)"> 2.3.4.1  Voltage Dividers   73 </a>
<li><a href="javascript:goto_page(100)"> 2.3.4.2  Resistors in Series   76 </a>
<li><a href="javascript:goto_page(104)"> 2.3.4.3  Current Dividers   80 </a>
<li><a href="javascript:goto_page(108)"> 2.3.4.4  Resistors in Parallel   82 </a>
<li><a href="javascript:goto_page(108)"> 2.3.5  A More Complex Circuit   84 </a>
</ul> <li><a href="javascript:goto_page(113)"> 2.4  Intuitive Method of Circuit Analysis   89 </a>
<li><a href="javascript:goto_page(119)"> 2.5  More Examples   95 </a>
<li><a href="javascript:goto_page(122)"> 2.6  Dependent Sources and the Control Concept   98 </a>
<ul> <li><a href="javascript:goto_page(126)"> 2.6.1  Circuits with Dependent Sources   102 </a>
</ul> <li><a href="javascript:goto_page(131)"> 2.7  A Formulation Suitable for a Computer Solution *   107 </a>
<li><a href="javascript:goto_page(132)"> 2.8  Summary   108 </a>

</ul> <li><a href="javascript:goto_page(143)"> 3  Network Theorems   119 </a>
<ul> <li><a href="javascript:goto_page(143)"> 3.1  Introduction   119 </a>
<li><a href="javascript:goto_page(143)"> 3.2  The Node Voltage   119 </a>
<li><a href="javascript:goto_page(149)"> 3.3  The Node Method   125 </a>
<ul> <li><a href="javascript:goto_page(154)"> 3.3.1  Node Method: A Second Example   130 </a>
<li><a href="javascript:goto_page(159)"> 3.3.2  Floating Independent Voltage Sources   135 </a>
<li><a href="javascript:goto_page(163)"> 3.3.3  Dependent Sources and the Node Method   139 </a>
<li><a href="javascript:goto_page(169)"> 3.3.4  The Conductance and Source Matrices *  145 </a>
</ul> <li><a href="javascript:goto_page(169)"> 3.4  Loop Method *   145 </a>
<li><a href="javascript:goto_page(169)"> 3.5  Superposition   145 </a>
<ul> <li><a href="javascript:goto_page(176)"> 3.5.1  Superposition Rules for Dependent Sources   152 </a>
</ul> <li><a href="javascript:goto_page(182)"> 3.6  Thevenin's Theorem and Norton's Theorem   158 </a>
<ul> <li><a href="javascript:goto_page(182)"> 3.6.1  The Thevenin Equivalent Network   158 </a>
<li><a href="javascript:goto_page(192)"> 3.6.2  The Norton Equivalent Network   168 </a>
<li><a href="javascript:goto_page(195)"> 3.6.3  More Examples   171 </a>
</ul> <li><a href="javascript:goto_page(201)"> 3.7  Summary   177 </a>

</ul> <li><a href="javascript:goto_page(217)"> 4  Analysis of Nonlinear Circuits   193 </a>
<ul> <li><a href="javascript:goto_page(217)"> 4.1  Introduction to Nonlinear Elements   193 </a>
<li><a href="javascript:goto_page(221)"> 4.2  Analytical Solutions   197 </a>
<li><a href="javascript:goto_page(227)"> 4.3  Graphical Analysis   203 </a>
<li><a href="javascript:goto_page(230)"> 4.4  Piecewise Linear Analysis   206 </a>
<ul> <li><a href="javascript:goto_page(238)"> 4.4.1  Improved Piecewise Linear Models for Nonlinear Elements *   214 </a>
</ul> <li><a href="javascript:goto_page(238)"> 4.5  Incremental Analysis   214 </a>
<li><a href="javascript:goto_page(253)"> 4.6  Summary   229 </a>

</ul> <li><a href="javascript:goto_page(267)"> 5  The Digital Abstraction   243 </a>
<ul> <li><a href="javascript:goto_page(269)"> 5.1  Voltage Levels and the Static Discipline   245 </a>
<li><a href="javascript:goto_page(256+24)"> 5.2  Boolean Logic   256 </a>
<li><a href="javascript:goto_page(258+24)"> 5.3  Combinational Gates   258 </a>
<li><a href="javascript:goto_page(261+24)"> 5.4  Standard Sum-of-Products Representation   261 </a>
<li><a href="javascript:goto_page(262+24)"> 5.5  Simplifying Logic Expressions *   262 </a>
<li><a href="javascript:goto_page(267+24)"> 5.6  Number Representation   267 </a>
<li><a href="javascript:goto_page(274+24)"> 5.7  Summary   274 </a>

</ul> <li><a href="javascript:goto_page(285+24)"> 6  The MOSFET Switch   285 </a>
<ul> <li><a href="javascript:goto_page(285+24)"> 6.1  The Switch   285 </a>
<li><a href="javascript:goto_page(288+24)"> 6.2  Logic Functions Using Switches   288 </a>
<li><a href="javascript:goto_page(298+24)"> 6.3  The MOSFET Device and Its S Model   298 </a>
<li><a href="javascript:goto_page(291+24)"> 6.4  MOSFET Switch Implementation of Logic Gates   291 </a>
<li><a href="javascript:goto_page(296+24)"> 6.5  Static Analysis Using the S Model   296 </a>
<li><a href="javascript:goto_page(300+24)"> 6.6  The SR Model of the MOSFET   300 </a>
<li><a href="javascript:goto_page(301+24)"> 6.7  Physical Structure of the MOSFET *   301 </a>
<li><a href="javascript:goto_page(306+24)"> 6.8  Static Analysis Using the SR Model   306 </a>
<ul> <li><a href="javascript:goto_page(311+24)"> 6.8.1  Static Analysis of the NAND Gate Using the SR Model   311 </a>
</ul> <li><a href="javascript:goto_page(314+24)"> 6.9  Signal Restoration   314 </a>
<ul> <li><a href="javascript:goto_page(314+24)"> 6.9.1  Signal Restoration and Gain   314 </a>
<li><a href="javascript:goto_page(317+24)"> 6.9.2  Signal Restoration and Nonlinearity   317 </a>
<li><a href="javascript:goto_page(318+24)"> 6.9.3  Buffer Characteristics and the Static Discipline   318 </a>
<li><a href="javascript:goto_page(319+24)"> 6.9.4  Inverter Transfer Characteristics and the  Static Discipline   319 </a>
</ul> <li><a href="javascript:goto_page(320+24)"> 6.10  Power Consumption in Logic Gates   320 </a>
<li><a href="javascript:goto_page(321+24)"> 6.11  Active Pullups   321 </a>
<li><a href="javascript:goto_page(322+24)"> 6.12  Summary   322 </a>

</ul> <li><a href="javascript:goto_page(331+24)"> 7  The MOSFET Amplifier   331 </a>
<ul> <li><a href="javascript:goto_page(332+24)"> 7.1  Signal Amplification   332 </a>
<li><a href="javascript:goto_page(332+24)"> 7.2  Review of Dependent Sources   332 </a>
<li><a href="javascript:goto_page(335+24)"> 7.3  Actual MOSFET Characteristics  335 </a>
<li><a href="javascript:goto_page(340+24)"> 7.4  The Switch Current Source (SCS) MOSFET Model   340 </a>
<li><a href="javascript:goto_page(344+24)"> 7.5  The MOSFET Amplifier   344 </a>
<ul> <li><a href="javascript:goto_page(349+24)"> 7.5.1  Biasing the MOSFET Amplifier   349 </a>
<li><a href="javascript:goto_page(352+24)"> 7.5.2  The Amplifier Abstraction and the Saturation Discipline   352 </a>
</ul> <li><a href="javascript:goto_page(353+24)"> 7.6  Large Signal Analysis of the MOSFET Amplifier   353 </a>
<ul> <li><a href="javascript:goto_page(353+24)"> 7.6.1  v_IN versus v_OUT in the Saturation Region   353 </a>
<li><a href="javascript:goto_page(356+24)"> 7.6.2  Valid Input and Output Voltage Ranges   356 </a>
<li><a href="javascript:goto_page(363+24)"> 7.6.3  Alternative Method for Valid Input and Output Voltage Ranges   363 </a>z
</ul> <li><a href="javascript:goto_page(385+24)"> 7.7  Operating Point Selection   385 </a>
<li><a href="javascript:goto_page(386+24)"> 7.8  Switch Unified (SU) MOSFET Model *   386 </a>
<li><a href="javascript:goto_page(389+24)"> 7.9  Summary   389 </a>

</ul> <li><a href="javascript:goto_page(405+24)"> 8  The Small Signal Model   405 </a>
<ul> <li><a href="javascript:goto_page(405+24)"> 8.1  Overview of the Nonlinear MOSFET Amplifier   405 </a>
<li><a href="javascript:goto_page(405+24)"> 8.2  The Small Signal Model   405 </a>
<ul> <li><a href="javascript:goto_page(413+24)"> 8.2.1  Small Signal Circuit Representation   413 </a>
<li><a href="javascript:goto_page(418+24)"> 8.3.2  Small Signal Circuit for the MOSFET Amplifier   418 </a>
<li><a href="javascript:goto_page(420+24)"> 8.2.3  Selecting an Operating Point   420 </a>
<li><a href="javascript:goto_page(423+24)"> 8.2.4  Input and Output Resistance, Current and Power Gain   423 </a>
</ul> <li><a href="javascript:goto_page(447+24)"> 8.3  Summary   447 </a>

</ul> <li><a href="javascript:goto_page(457+24)"> 9  Energy Storage Elements   457 </a>
<ul> <li><a href="javascript:goto_page(461+24)"> 1-Sep  Constitutive Laws   461 </a>
<ul> <li><a href="javascript:goto_page(461+24)"> 9.1.1  Capacitors   461 </a>
<li><a href="javascript:goto_page(466+24)"> 9.1.2  Inductors   466 </a>
</ul> <li><a href="javascript:goto_page(470+24)"> 9.2  Series & Parallel Connections   470 </a>
<ul> <li><a href="javascript:goto_page(471+24)"> 9.2.1  Capacitors   471 </a>
<li><a href="javascript:goto_page(472+24)"> 9.2.2  Inductors   472 </a>
</ul> <li><a href="javascript:goto_page(473+24)"> 9.3  Special Examples   473 </a>
<ul> <li><a href="javascript:goto_page(473+24)"> 9.3.1  MOSFET Gate Capacitance   473 </a>
<li><a href="javascript:goto_page(476+24)"> 9.3.2  Wiring Loop Inductance   476 </a>
<li><a href="javascript:goto_page(477+24)"> 9.3.3  IC Wiring Capacitance and Inductance   477 </a>
<li><a href="javascript:goto_page(478+24)"> 9.3.4  Transformers *   478 </a>
</ul> <li><a href="javascript:goto_page(480+24)"> 9.4  Simple Circuit Examples   480 </a>
<ul> <li><a href="javascript:goto_page(482+24)"> 9.4.1  Sinusoidal Inputs *   482 </a>
<li><a href="javascript:goto_page(482+24)"> 9.4.2  Step Inputs   482 </a>
<li><a href="javascript:goto_page(488+24)"> 9.4.3  Impulse Inputs   488 </a>
<li><a href="javascript:goto_page(489+24)"> 9.4.4  Role Reversal *   489 </a>
</ul> <li><a href="javascript:goto_page(489+24)"> 9.5  Energy, Charge and Flux Conservation   489 </a>
<li><a href="javascript:goto_page(492+24)"> 9.6  Summary   492 </a>

</ul> <li><a href="javascript:goto_page(503+24)"> 10  First-order Transients   503 </a>
<ul> <li><a href="javascript:goto_page(504+24)"> 10.1.1  Analysis of RC Circuits   504 </a>
<ul> <li><a href="javascript:goto_page(504+24)"> 10.1.2  Parallel RC Circuit, Step Input   504 </a>
<li><a href="javascript:goto_page(509+24)"> 10.1.3  RC Discharge Transient   509 </a>
<li><a href="javascript:goto_page(511+24)"> 10.1.4  Series RC Circuit, Step Input   511 </a>
<li><a href="javascript:goto_page(515+24)"> 10.2  Series RC Circuit, Square Wave Input   515 </a>
</ul> <li><a href="javascript:goto_page(517+24)"> 10.2.1  Analysis of RL Circuits   517 </a>
<ul> <li><a href="javascript:goto_page(517+24)"> 10.3  Series RL Circuit, Step Input   517 </a>
</ul> <li><a href="javascript:goto_page(520+24)"> 10.4  Intuitive Analysis   520 </a>
<li><a href="javascript:goto_page(525+24)"> 10.4.1  Propagation Delay and the Digital Abstraction   525 </a>
<ul> <li><a href="javascript:goto_page(527+24)"> 10.4.2  Definitions   527 </a>
<li><a href="javascript:goto_page(529+24)"> 10.5  Computing t_pd from the SRC MOSFET Model   529 </a>
</ul> <li><a href="javascript:goto_page(538+24)"> 10.5.1  State and State Variables *   538 </a>
<ul> <li><a href="javascript:goto_page(538+24)"> 10.5.2  The Concept of State   538 </a>
<li><a href="javascript:goto_page(540+24)"> 10.5.3  Computer Analysis using the State Equation   540 </a>
<li><a href="javascript:goto_page(541+24)"> 10.5.4  Zero-input and Zero-state Response   541 </a>
<li><a href="javascript:goto_page(544+24)"> 10.6  Solution by Integrating Factors*   544 </a>
</ul> <li><a href="javascript:goto_page(545+24)"> 10.6.1  Additional Examples   545 </a>
<ul> <li><a href="javascript:goto_page(545+24)"> 10.6.2  Effect of Wire Inductance in Digital Circuits   545 </a>
<li><a href="javascript:goto_page(545+24)"> 10.6.3  Ramp Inputs and Linearity   545 </a>
<li><a href="javascript:goto_page(550+24)"> 10.6.4  Response of an RC Circuit to Short Pulses and the Impulse Response   550 </a>
<li><a href="javascript:goto_page(553+24)"> 10.6.5  Intuitive Method for the Impulse Response   553 </a>
<li><a href="javascript:goto_page(554+24)"> 10.6.6  Clock Signals and Clock Fanout   554 </a>
<li><a href="javascript:goto_page(558+24)"> 10.6.7  RC Response to Decaying Exponential *   558 </a>
<li><a href="javascript:goto_page(558+24)"> 10.7  Series RL Circuit with Sinewave Input   558 </a>
</ul> <li><a href="javascript:goto_page(561+24)"> 10.7.1  Digital Memory   561 </a>
<ul> <li><a href="javascript:goto_page(561+24)"> 10.7.2  The Concept of Digital State   561 </a>
<li><a href="javascript:goto_page(562+24)"> 10.7.3  An Abstract Digital Memory Element   562 </a>
<li><a href="javascript:goto_page(563+24)"> 10.7.4  Design of the Digital Memory Element   563 </a>
<li><a href="javascript:goto_page(567+24)"> 10.7.5  A Static Memory Element   567 </a>
</ul> <li><a href="javascript:goto_page(568+24)"> 10.8  Summary   568 </a>

</ul> <li><a href="javascript:goto_page(595+24)"> 11  Energy and Power in Digital Circuits   595 </a>
<ul> <li><a href="javascript:goto_page(595+24)"> 11.1  Power and Energy Relations for a Simple RC Circuit   595 </a>
<li><a href="javascript:goto_page(597+24)"> 11.2  Average Power in an RC Circuit   597 </a>
<ul> <li><a href="javascript:goto_page(599+24)"> 11.2.1  Energy Dissipated during Interval T_1   599 </a>
<li><a href="javascript:goto_page(601+24)"> 11.2.2  Energy Dissipated during Interval T_2   601 </a>
<li><a href="javascript:goto_page(603+24)"> 11.2.3  Total Energy Dissipated   603 </a>
</ul> <li><a href="javascript:goto_page(604+24)"> 11.3  Power Dissipation in Logic Gates   604 </a>
<ul> <li><a href="javascript:goto_page(604+24)"> 11.3.1  Static Power Dissipation   604 </a>
<li><a href="javascript:goto_page(605+24)"> 11.3.2  Total Power Dissipation   605 </a>
</ul> <li><a href="javascript:goto_page(611+24)"> 11.4  NMOS Logic   611 </a>
<li><a href="javascript:goto_page(611+24)"> 11.5  CMOS Logic   611 </a>
<ul> <li><a href="javascript:goto_page(616+24)"> 11.5.1  CMOS Logic Gate Design   616 </a>
</ul> <li><a href="javascript:goto_page(618+24)"> 11.6  Summary   618 </a>

</ul> <li><a href="javascript:goto_page(625+24)"> 12  Transients in Second Order Circuits   625 </a>
<ul> <li><a href="javascript:goto_page(627+24)"> 12.1  Undriven LC Circuit   627 </a>
<li><a href="javascript:goto_page(640+24)"> 12.2  Undriven, Series RLC Circuit   640 </a>
<ul> <li><a href="javascript:goto_page(644+24)"> 12.2.1  Under-Damped Dynamics   644 </a>
<li><a href="javascript:goto_page(648+24)"> 12.2.2  Over-Damped Dynamics   648 </a>
<li><a href="javascript:goto_page(649+24)"> 12.2.3  Critically-Damped Dynamics   649 </a>
</ul> <li><a href="javascript:goto_page(651+24)"> 12.3  Stored Energy in Transient, Series RLC Circuit   651 </a>
<li><a href="javascript:goto_page(654+24)"> 12.4  Undriven, Parallel RLC Circuit *   654 </a>
<ul> <li><a href="javascript:goto_page(654+24)"> 12.4.1  Under-Damped Dynamics   654 </a>
<li><a href="javascript:goto_page(654+24)"> 12.4.2  Over-Damped Dynamics   654 </a>
<li><a href="javascript:goto_page(654+24)"> 12.4.3  Critically-Damped Dynamics   654 </a>
</ul> <li><a href="javascript:goto_page(654+24)"> 12.5  Driven, Series RLC Circuit   654 </a>
<ul> <li><a href="javascript:goto_page(657+24)"> 12.5.1  Step Response   657 </a>
<li><a href="javascript:goto_page(661+24)"> 12.5.2  Impulse Response *   661 </a>
</ul> <li><a href="javascript:goto_page(678+24)"> 12.6  Driven, Parallel RLC Circuit *   678 </a>
<ul> <li><a href="javascript:goto_page(678+24)"> 12.6.1  Step Response   678 </a>
<li><a href="javascript:goto_page(678+24)"> 12.6.2  Impulse Response   678 </a>
</ul> <li><a href="javascript:goto_page(678+24)"> 12.7  Intuitive Analysis of Second-Order Circuits   678 </a>
<li><a href="javascript:goto_page(684+24)"> 12.8  Two-Capacitor Or Two-Inductor Circuits   684 </a>
<li><a href="javascript:goto_page(689+24)"> 12.9  State-Variable Method *   689 </a>
<li><a href="javascript:goto_page(691+24)"> 12.10  State-Space Analysis *   691 </a>
<ul> <li><a href="javascript:goto_page(691+24)"> 12.10.1  Numerical Solution *   691 </a>
</ul> <li><a href="javascript:goto_page(691+24)"> 12.11  Higher-Order Circuits*   691 </a>
<li><a href="javascript:goto_page(692+24)"> 12.12  Summary   692 </a>

</ul> <li><a href="javascript:goto_page(703+24)"> 13  Sinusoidal Steady State   703 </a>
<ul> <li><a href="javascript:goto_page(703+24)"> 13.1  Introduction   703 </a>
<li><a href="javascript:goto_page(706+24)"> 13.2  Analysis using Complex Exponential Drive   706 </a>
<ul> <li><a href="javascript:goto_page(706+24)"> 13.2.1  Homogeneous Solution   706 </a>
<li><a href="javascript:goto_page(707+24)"> 13.2.2  Particular Solution   707 </a>
<li><a href="javascript:goto_page(710+24)"> 13.2.3  Complete Solution   710 </a>
<li><a href="javascript:goto_page(710+24)"> 13.2.4  Sinusoidal Steady State Response   710 </a>
</ul> <li><a href="javascript:goto_page(712+24)"> 13.3  The Boxes: Impedance   712 </a>
<ul> <li><a href="javascript:goto_page(718+24)"> 13.3.1  Example: Series RL Circuit   718 </a>
<li><a href="javascript:goto_page(722+24)"> 13.3.2  Example: Another RC Circuit   722 </a>
<li><a href="javascript:goto_page(724+24)"> 13.3.3  Example: RC Circuit with Two Capacitors   724 </a>
<li><a href="javascript:goto_page(729+24)"> 13.3.4  Example: Analysis of Small Signal Amplifier with Capacitive Load   729 </a>
</ul> <li><a href="javascript:goto_page(731+24)"> 13.4  Frequency Response: Magnitude/Phase vs. Frequency   731 </a>
<ul> <li><a href="javascript:goto_page(732+24)"> 13.4.1  Frequency Response of Capacitors, Inductor   732 </a>
<li><a href="javascript:goto_page(737+24)"> 13.4.2  Intuitively Sketching th   737 </a>
<li><a href="javascript:goto_page(741+24)"> 13.4.3  The Bode Plot: Sketching the Frequency Response of General Functions *   741 </a>
</ul> <li><a href="javascript:goto_page(742+24)"> 13.5  Filters   742 </a>
<ul> <li><a href="javascript:goto_page(744+24)"> 13.5.1  Filter Design Example: Crossover Network   744 </a>
<li><a href="javascript:goto_page(746+24)"> 13.5.2  Decoupling Amplifier Stages   746 </a>
</ul> <li><a href="javascript:goto_page(751+24)"> 13.6  Time Domain   751 </a>
<ul> <li><a href="javascript:goto_page(751+24)"> 13.6.1  Frequency Domain Analysis   751 </a>
<li><a href="javascript:goto_page(754+24)"> 13.6.2  Time Domain Analysis   754 </a>
<li><a href="javascript:goto_page(756+24)"> 13.6.3  Comparing Time Domain and Frequency Domain Analyses   756 </a>
</ul> <li><a href="javascript:goto_page(757+24)"> 13.7  Power and Energy in an Impedance   757 </a>
<ul> <li><a href="javascript:goto_page(758+24)"> 13.7.1  Arbitrary Impedance   758 </a>
<li><a href="javascript:goto_page(760+24)"> 13.7.2  Pure Resistance   760 </a>
<li><a href="javascript:goto_page(761+24)"> 13.7.3  Pure Reactance   761 </a>
<li><a href="javascript:goto_page(763+24)"> 13.7.4  Example: Power in an RC Circuit   763 </a>
</ul> <li><a href="javascript:goto_page(765+24)"> 13.8  Summary   765 </a>

</ul> <li><a href="javascript:goto_page(777+24)"> 14  Sinusoidal Steady State: Resonance   777 </a>
<ul> <li><a href="javascript:goto_page(777+24)"> 14.1  Parallel RLC, Sinusoidal Response   777 </a>
<ul> <li><a href="javascript:goto_page(778+24)"> 14.1.1  Homogeneous Solution   778 </a>
<li><a href="javascript:goto_page(780+24)"> 14.1.2  Particular Solution   780 </a>
<li><a href="javascript:goto_page(781+24)"> 14.1.3  Total Solution for the Parallel RLC Circuit   781 </a>
</ul> <li><a href="javascript:goto_page(783+24)"> 14.2  Frequency Response for Resonant Systems   783 </a>
<ul> <li><a href="javascript:goto_page(792+24)"> 14.2.1  The Resonant Region of the Frequency Response   792 </a>
</ul> <li><a href="javascript:goto_page(801+24)"> 14.3  Series RLC   801 </a>
<li><a href="javascript:goto_page(808+24)"> 14.4  The Bode Plot for Resonant Functions *   808 </a>
<li><a href="javascript:goto_page(808+24)"> 14.5  Filter Examples   808 </a>
<ul> <li><a href="javascript:goto_page(809+24)"> 14.5.1  Bandpass Filter   809 </a>
<li><a href="javascript:goto_page(810+24)"> 14.5.2  Lowpass Filter   810 </a>
<li><a href="javascript:goto_page(812+24)"> 14.5.3  Highpass Filter   812 </a>
<li><a href="javascript:goto_page(815+24)"> 14.5.4  Notch Filter   815 </a>
</ul> <li><a href="javascript:goto_page(816+24)"> 14.6  Stored Energy in a Resonant Circuit   816 </a>
<li><a href="javascript:goto_page(821+24)"> 14.7  Summary   821 </a>

</ul> <li><a href="javascript:goto_page(837+24)"> 15  The Operational Amplifier Abstraction   837 </a>
<ul> <li><a href="javascript:goto_page(837+24)"> 15.1  Introduction   837 </a>
<ul> <li><a href="javascript:goto_page(838+24)"> 15.1.1  Historical Perspective   838 </a>
</ul> <li><a href="javascript:goto_page(839+24)"> 15.2  Device Properties of the Operational Amplifier   839 </a>
<ul> <li><a href="javascript:goto_page(839+24)"> 15.2  The Op Amp Model   839 </a>
</ul> <li><a href="javascript:goto_page(842+24)"> 15.3  Simple Op Amp Circuits   842 </a>
<ul> <li><a href="javascript:goto_page(842+24)"> 15.3.1  The Non-inverting Op Amp   842 </a>
<li><a href="javascript:goto_page(844+24)"> 15.3.2  A Second Example: The Inverting Connection   844 </a>
<li><a href="javascript:goto_page(846+24)"> 15.3.3  Sensitivity   846 </a>
<li><a href="javascript:goto_page(847+24)"> 15.3.4  A Special Case: The Voltage Follower   847 </a>
<li><a href="javascript:goto_page(848+24)"> 15.3.5  An Additional Constraint: v+ - v- ~ 0   848 </a>
</ul> <li><a href="javascript:goto_page(849+24)"> 15.4  Input and Output Resistances   849 </a>
<ul> <li><a href="javascript:goto_page(849+24)"> 15.4.1  Output Resistance, Inverting Op Amp   849 </a>
<li><a href="javascript:goto_page(851+24)"> 15.4.2  Input Resistance, Inverting Connection   851 </a>
<li><a href="javascript:goto_page(853+24)"> 15.4.3  Input and Output R for Non-Inverting Op Amp   853 </a>
<li><a href="javascript:goto_page(855+24)"> 15.4.4  Generalization on Input Resistance *   855 </a>
<li><a href="javascript:goto_page(855+24)"> 15.4.5  Example: Op Amp Current Source   855 </a>
</ul> <li><a href="javascript:goto_page(857+24)"> 15.5  Additional Examples   857 </a>
<ul> <li><a href="javascript:goto_page(858+24)"> 15.5.1  Adder   858 </a>
<li><a href="javascript:goto_page(858+24)"> 15.5.2  Subtracter   858 </a>
</ul> <li><a href="javascript:goto_page(859+24)"> 15.6  Op Amp RC Circuits   859 </a>
<ul> <li><a href="javascript:goto_page(859+24)"> 15.6.1  Op Amp Integrator   859 </a>
<li><a href="javascript:goto_page(862+24)"> 15.6.2  Op Amp Differentiator   862 </a>
<li><a href="javascript:goto_page(863+24)"> 15.6.3  An RC Active Filter   863 </a>
<li><a href="javascript:goto_page(865+24)"> 15.6.4  The RC Active Filter -- Impedance Analysis   865 </a>
<li><a href="javascript:goto_page(866+24)"> 15.6.5  Sallen-Key Filter   866 </a>
</ul> <li><a href="javascript:goto_page(866+24)"> 15.7  Op Amp in Saturation   866 </a>
<ul> <li><a href="javascript:goto_page(867+24)"> 15.7.1  Op Amp Integrator in Saturation   867 </a>
</ul> <li><a href="javascript:goto_page(869+24)"> 15.8  Positive Feedback   869 </a>
<ul> <li><a href="javascript:goto_page(869+24)"> 15.8.1  RC Oscillator   869 </a>
</ul> <li><a href="javascript:goto_page(872+24)"> 15.9  Two-ports*   872 </a>
<li><a href="javascript:goto_page(873+24)"> 15.10  Summary   873 </a>

</ul> <li><a href="javascript:goto_page(905+24)"> 16  Diodes   905 </a>
<ul> <li><a href="javascript:goto_page(905+24)"> 16.1  Introduction   905 </a>
<li><a href="javascript:goto_page(905+24)"> 16.2  Semiconductor Diode Characteristics   905 </a>
<li><a href="javascript:goto_page(908+24)"> 16.3  Analysis of Diode Circuits   908 </a>
<ul> <li><a href="javascript:goto_page(908+24)"> 16.3.1  Method of Assumed States   908 </a>
</ul> <li><a href="javascript:goto_page(912+24)"> 16.4  Nonlinear Analysis with RL and RC   912 </a>
<ul> <li><a href="javascript:goto_page(912+24)"> 16.4.1  Peak Detector  912 </a>
<li><a href="javascript:goto_page(915+24)"> 16.4.2  Example: Clamping Circuit   915 </a>
<li><a href="javascript:goto_page(918+24)"> 16.4.3  A Switched Power Supply Using a Diode   918 </a>
</ul> <li><a href="javascript:goto_page(918+24)"> 16.5  Additional Examples   918 </a>
<ul> <li><a href="javascript:goto_page(918+24)"> 16.5.1  Piecewise Linear Example: Clipping Circuit   918 </a>
<li><a href="javascript:goto_page(918+24)"> 16.5.2  Exponentiation Circuit   918 </a>
<li><a href="javascript:goto_page(918+24)"> 16.5.3  Piecewise Linear Example: Limiter   918 </a>
<li><a href="javascript:goto_page(918+24)"> 16.5.4  Example: Full-Wave Diode Bridge   918 </a>
<li><a href="javascript:goto_page(918+24)"> 16.5.5  Incremental Example: Zener Diode Regulator   918 </a>
<li><a href="javascript:goto_page(918+24)"> 16.5.6  Incremental Example: Diode Attenuator   918 </a>
</ul> <li><a href="javascript:goto_page(919+24)"> 16.6  Summary   919 </a>

</ul> <li><a href="javascript:goto_page(927+24)"> A1  Maxwell's Equations and the LMD   927 </a>
<ul> <li><a href="javascript:goto_page(927+24)"> A.1  The Lumped Matter Discipline   927 </a>
<ul> <li><a href="javascript:goto_page(927+24)"> A.1.1  The First Constraint of the Lumped Matter Discipline   927 </a>
<li><a href="javascript:goto_page(930+24)"> A.1.2  The Second Constraint of the Lumped Matter Discipline   930 </a>
<li><a href="javascript:goto_page(932+24)"> A.1.3  The Third Constraint of the Lumped Matter Discipline   932 </a>
<li><a href="javascript:goto_page(933+24)"> A.1.4  The Lumped Matter Discipline Applied to Circuits   933 </a>
</ul> <li><a href="javascript:goto_page(934+24)"> A.2  Deriving Kirchhoff's Laws   934 </a>
<li><a href="javascript:goto_page(936+24)"> A.3  Deriving the Resistance of a Piece of Material   936 </a>
</ul> <li><a href="javascript:goto_page(941+24)"> B  Trigonometric Functions & Identities   941 </a>
<ul> <li><a href="javascript:goto_page(941+24)"> B.1  Negative Arguments   941 </a>
<li><a href="javascript:goto_page(942+24)"> B.2  Phase-Shifted Arguments   942 </a>
<li><a href="javascript:goto_page(942+24)"> B.3  Sum and Difference Arguments   942 </a>
<li><a href="javascript:goto_page(943+24)"> B.4  Products   943 </a>
<li><a href="javascript:goto_page(943+24)"> B.5  Half-Angle & Twice-Angle Arguments   943 </a>
<li><a href="javascript:goto_page(943+24)"> B.6  Squares   943 </a>
<li><a href="javascript:goto_page(943+24)"> B.7  Miscellaneous   943 </a>
<li><a href="javascript:goto_page(944+24)"> B.8  Taylor Series Expansions   944 </a>
<li><a href="javascript:goto_page(944+24)"> B.9  Relations to e^j\theta   944 </a>
</ul> <li><a href="javascript:goto_page(947+24)"> C  Complex Numbers   947 </a>
<ul> <li><a href="javascript:goto_page(947+24)"> C.1  Magnitude and Phase  947 </a>
<li><a href="javascript:goto_page(948+24)"> C.2  Polar Representation   948 </a>
<li><a href="javascript:goto_page(949+24)"> C.3  Addition and Subtraction   949 </a>
<li><a href="javascript:goto_page(949+24)"> C.4  Multiplication and Division   949 </a>
<li><a href="javascript:goto_page(950+24)"> C.5  Complex Conjugate   950 </a>
<li><a href="javascript:goto_page(951+24)"> C.6  Properties of e^j\theta   951 </a>
<li><a href="javascript:goto_page(951+24)"> C.7  Rotation   951 </a>
<li><a href="javascript:goto_page(952+24)"> C.8  Complex Functions of Time   952 </a>
<li><a href="javascript:goto_page(952+24)"> C.9  Numerical Examples   952 </a>
</ul> <li><a href="javascript:goto_page(957+24)"> D  Solving Simultaneous Linear Equations   957 </a>


<li><a href="javascript:goto_page(959+24)"> Answers to Selected Problems   959 </a>
<li><a href="javascript:goto_page(971+24)"> Figure Acknowledgments   971 </a>
<li><a href="javascript:goto_page(973+24)"> Index   973 </a>
