i18n of common/lib/capa/capa files

Also pep8, pylint, and style fixes Covers: {capa_problem, correctmap, customerender, inputtypes, responsetypes, util, xqueue_interface}.py LMS-1744

i18n of common/lib/capa/capa files
Also pep8, pylint, and style fixes Covers: {capa_problem, correctmap, customerender, inputtypes, responsetypes, util, xqueue_interface}.py LMS-1744
0efa75d6 · Sarina Canelake · 3584b246 · 0efa75d6 · 0efa75d6 · 0efa75d6
Commit 0efa75d6 authored Jan 10, 2014 by Sarina Canelake
9 changed files
--- a/common/lib/capa/capa/capa_problem.py
+++ b/common/lib/capa/capa/capa_problem.py
@@ -7,11 +7,11 @@
 # Each Response may have one or more Input entry fields.
 # The capa problem may include a solution.
 #
-'''
+"""
 Main module which shows problems (of "capa" type).
 This is used by capa_module.
-'''
+"""
 from datetime import datetime
 import logging
@@ -108,9 +108,9 @@ class LoncapaSystem(object):
 class LoncapaProblem(object):
-    '''
+    """
    Main class for capa Problems.
-    '''
+    """
    def __init__(self, problem_text, id, capa_system, state=None, seed=None):
        """
@@ -181,9 +181,9 @@ class LoncapaProblem(object):
        self.extracted_tree = self._extract_html(self.tree)
    def do_reset(self):
-        '''
+        """
        Reset internal state to unfinished, with no answers
-        '''
+        """
        self.student_answers = dict()
        self.correct_map = CorrectMap()
        self.done = False
@@ -203,11 +203,11 @@ class LoncapaProblem(object):
        return u"LoncapaProblem ({0})".format(self.problem_id)
    def get_state(self):
-        '''
+        """
        Stored per-user session data neeeded to:
            1) Recreate the problem
            2) Populate any student answers.
-        '''
+        """
        return {'seed': self.seed,
                'student_answers': self.student_answers,
@@ -216,9 +216,9 @@ class LoncapaProblem(object):
                'done': self.done}
    def get_max_score(self):
-        '''
+        """
        Return the maximum score for this problem.
-        '''
+        """
        maxscore = 0
        for responder in self.responders.values():
            maxscore += responder.get_max_score()
@@ -235,7 +235,7 @@ class LoncapaProblem(object):
            try:
                correct += self.correct_map.get_npoints(key)
            except Exception:
-                log.error('key=%s, correct_map = %s' % (key, self.correct_map))
+                log.error('key=%s, correct_map = %s', key, self.correct_map)
                raise
        if (not self.student_answers) or len(self.student_answers) == 0:
@@ -246,12 +246,12 @@ class LoncapaProblem(object):
                    'total': self.get_max_score()}
    def update_score(self, score_msg, queuekey):
-        '''
+        """
        Deliver grading response (e.g. from async code checking) to
            the specific ResponseType that requested grading
        Returns an updated CorrectMap
-        '''
+        """
        cmap = CorrectMap()
        cmap.update(self.correct_map)
        for responder in self.responders.values():
@@ -263,12 +263,12 @@ class LoncapaProblem(object):
        return cmap
    def ungraded_response(self, xqueue_msg, queuekey):
-        '''
+        """
        Handle any responses from the xqueue that do not contain grades
        Will try to pass the queue message to all inputtypes that can handle ungraded responses
        Does not return any value
-        '''
+        """
        # check against each inputtype
        for the_input in self.inputs.values():
            # if the input type has an ungraded function, pass in the values
@@ -276,17 +276,17 @@ class LoncapaProblem(object):
                the_input.ungraded_response(xqueue_msg, queuekey)
    def is_queued(self):
-        '''
+        """
        Returns True if any part of the problem has been submitted to an external queue
        (e.g. for grading.)
-        '''
+        """
        return any(self.correct_map.is_queued(answer_id) for answer_id in self.correct_map)
    def get_recentmost_queuetime(self):
-        '''
+        """
        Returns a DateTime object that represents the timestamp of the most recent
        queueing request, or None if not queued
-        '''
+        """
        if not self.is_queued():
            return None
@@ -304,7 +304,7 @@ class LoncapaProblem(object):
        return max(queuetimes)
    def grade_answers(self, answers):
-        '''
+        """
        Grade student responses.  Called by capa_module.check_problem.
        `answers` is a dict of all the entries from request.POST, but with the first part
@@ -313,7 +313,7 @@ class LoncapaProblem(object):
        Thus, for example, input_ID123 -> ID123, and input_fromjs_ID123 -> fromjs_ID123
        Calls the Response for each question in this problem, to do the actual grading.
-        '''
+        """
        # if answers include File objects, convert them to filenames.
        self.student_answers = convert_files_to_filenames(answers)
@@ -363,7 +363,6 @@ class LoncapaProblem(object):
        # start new with empty CorrectMap
        newcmap = CorrectMap()
        # Call each responsetype instance to do actual grading
        for responder in self.responders.values():
            # File objects are passed only if responsetype explicitly allows
@@ -372,7 +371,8 @@ class LoncapaProblem(object):
            # an earlier submission, so for now skip these entirely.
            # TODO: figure out where to get file submissions when rescoring.
            if 'filesubmission' in responder.allowed_inputfields and student_answers is None:
-                raise Exception("Cannot rescore problems with possible file submissions")
+                _ = self.capa_system.i18n.ugettext
+                raise Exception(_("Cannot rescore problems with possible file submissions"))
            # use 'student_answers' only if it is provided, and if it might contain a file
            # submission that would not exist in the persisted "student_answers".
@@ -404,7 +404,7 @@ class LoncapaProblem(object):
            if answer:
                answer_map[entry.get('id')] = contextualize_text(answer, self.context)
-        log.debug('answer_map = %s' % answer_map)
+        log.debug('answer_map = %s', answer_map)
        return answer_map
    def get_answer_ids(self):
@@ -420,18 +420,18 @@ class LoncapaProblem(object):
        return answer_ids
    def get_html(self):
-        '''
+        """
        Main method called externally to get the HTML to be rendered for this capa Problem.
-        '''
+        """
        html = contextualize_text(etree.tostring(self._extract_html(self.tree)), self.context)
        return html
    def handle_input_ajax(self, data):
-        '''
+        """
        InputTypes can support specialized AJAX calls. Find the correct input and pass along the correct data
        Also, parse out the dispatch from the get so that it can be passed onto the input type nicely
-        '''
+        """
        # pull out the id
        input_id = data['input_id']
@@ -439,16 +439,16 @@ class LoncapaProblem(object):
            dispatch = data['dispatch']
            return self.inputs[input_id].handle_ajax(dispatch, data)
        else:
-            log.warning("Could not find matching input for id: %s" % input_id)
+            log.warning("Could not find matching input for id: %s", input_id)
            return {}
    # ======= Private Methods Below ========
    def _process_includes(self):
-        '''
+        """
        Handle any <include file="foo"> tags by reading in the specified file and inserting it
        into our XML tree.  Fail gracefully if debugging.
-        '''
+        """
        includes = self.tree.findall('.//include')
        for inc in includes:
            filename = inc.get('file')
@@ -458,14 +458,12 @@ class LoncapaProblem(object):
                    ifp = self.capa_system.filestore.open(filename)
                except Exception as err:
                    log.warning(
-                        'Error %s in problem xml include: %s' % (
+                        'Error %s in problem xml include: %s',
-                            err, etree.tostring(inc, pretty_print=True)
+                        err,
-                        )
+                        etree.tostring(inc, pretty_print=True)
                    )
                    log.warning(
-                        'Cannot find file %s in %s' % (
+                        'Cannot find file %s in %s', filename, self.capa_system.filestore
-                            filename, self.capa_system.filestore
-                        )
                    )
                    # if debugging, don't fail - just log error
                    # TODO (vshnayder): need real error handling, display to users
@@ -478,11 +476,11 @@ class LoncapaProblem(object):
                    incxml = etree.XML(ifp.read())
                except Exception as err:
                    log.warning(
-                        'Error %s in problem xml include: %s' % (
+                        'Error %s in problem xml include: %s',
-                            err, etree.tostring(inc, pretty_print=True)
+                        err,
-                        )
+                        etree.tostring(inc, pretty_print=True)
                    )
-                    log.warning('Cannot parse XML in %s' % (filename))
+                    log.warning('Cannot parse XML in %s', (filename))
                    # if debugging, don't fail - just log error
                    # TODO (vshnayder): same as above
                    if not self.capa_system.DEBUG:
@@ -522,7 +520,7 @@ class LoncapaProblem(object):
            # Check that we are within the filestore tree.
            reldir = os.path.relpath(dir, self.capa_system.filestore.root_path)
            if ".." in reldir:
-                log.warning("Ignoring Python directory outside of course: %r" % dir)
+                log.warning("Ignoring Python directory outside of course: %r", dir)
                continue
            abs_dir = os.path.normpath(dir)
@@ -531,13 +529,13 @@ class LoncapaProblem(object):
        return path
    def _extract_context(self, tree):
-        '''
+        """
        Extract content of <script>...</script> from the problem.xml file, and exec it in the
        context of this problem.  Provides ability to randomize problems, and also set
        variables for problem answer checking.
        Problem XML goes to Python execution context. Runs everything in script tags.
-        '''
+        """
        context = {}
        context['seed'] = self.seed
        all_code = ''
@@ -584,7 +582,7 @@ class LoncapaProblem(object):
        return context
    def _extract_html(self, problemtree):  # private
-        '''
+        """
        Main (private) function which converts Problem XML tree to HTML.
        Calls itself recursively.
@@ -592,7 +590,7 @@ class LoncapaProblem(object):
        Calls render_html of Response instances to render responses into XHTML.
        Used by get_html.
-        '''
+        """
        if not isinstance(problemtree.tag, basestring):
            # Comment and ProcessingInstruction nodes are not Elements,
            # and we're ok leaving those behind.
@@ -632,13 +630,17 @@ class LoncapaProblem(object):
                self.input_state[input_id] = {}
            # do the rendering
-            state = {'value': value,
+            state = {
+                'value': value,
                'status': status,
                'id': input_id,
                'input_state': self.input_state[input_id],
-                     'feedback': {'message': msg,
+                'feedback': {
+                    'message': msg,
                    'hint': hint,
-                                  'hintmode': hintmode, }}
+                    'hintmode': hintmode,
+                }
+            }
            input_type_cls = inputtypes.registry.get_class_for_tag(problemtree.tag)
            # save the input type so that we can make ajax calls on it if we need to
@@ -678,7 +680,7 @@ class LoncapaProblem(object):
        return tree
    def _preprocess_problem(self, tree):  # private
-        '''
+        """
        Assign IDs to all the responses
        Assign sub-IDs to all entries (textline, schematic, etc.)
        Annoted correctness and value
@@ -687,7 +689,7 @@ class LoncapaProblem(object):
        Also create capa Response instances for each responsetype and save as self.responders
        Obtain all responder answers and save as self.responder_answers dict (key = response)
-        '''
+        """
        response_id = 1
        self.responders = {}
        for response in tree.xpath('//' + "|//".join(responsetypes.registry.registered_tags())):

--- a/common/lib/capa/capa/correctmap.py
+++ b/common/lib/capa/capa/correctmap.py
@@ -63,13 +63,13 @@ class CorrectMap(object):
        return repr(self.cmap)
    def get_dict(self):
-        '''
+        """
        return dict version of self
-        '''
+        """
        return self.cmap
    def set_dict(self, correct_map):
-        '''
+        """
        Set internal dict of CorrectMap to provided correct_map dict
        correct_map is saved by LMS as a plaintext JSON dump of the correctmap dict. This
@@ -85,7 +85,7 @@ class CorrectMap(object):
        Special migration case:
            If correct_map is a one-level dict, then convert it to the new dict of dicts format.
-        '''
+        """
        # empty current dict
        self.__init__()
@@ -149,17 +149,17 @@ class CorrectMap(object):
        return self.get_property(answer_id, 'hintmode', None)
    def set_hint_and_mode(self, answer_id, hint, hintmode):
-        '''
+        """
          - hint     : (string) HTML text for hint
          - hintmode : (string) mode for hint display ('always' or 'on_request')
-        '''
+        """
        self.set_property(answer_id, 'hint', hint)
        self.set_property(answer_id, 'hintmode', hintmode)
    def update(self, other_cmap):
-        '''
+        """
        Update this CorrectMap with the contents of another CorrectMap
-        '''
+        """
        if not isinstance(other_cmap, CorrectMap):
            raise Exception('CorrectMap.update called with invalid argument %s' % other_cmap)
        self.cmap.update(other_cmap.get_dict())

--- a/common/lib/capa/capa/customrender.py
+++ b/common/lib/capa/capa/customrender.py
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ class MathRenderer(object):
    tags = ['math']
    def __init__(self, system, xml):
-        r'''
+        r"""
        Render math using latex-like formatting.
        Examples:
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ class MathRenderer(object):
        We convert these to [mathjax]...[/mathjax] and [mathjaxinline]...[/mathjaxinline]
        TODO: use shorter tags (but this will require converting problem XML files!)
-        '''
+        """
        self.system = system
        self.xml = xml
@@ -79,13 +79,13 @@ registry.register(MathRenderer)
 class SolutionRenderer(object):
-    '''
+    """
    A solution is just a <span>...</span> which is given an ID, that is used for displaying an
    extended answer (a problem "solution") after "show answers" is pressed.
    Note that the solution content is NOT rendered and returned in the HTML. It is obtained by an
    ajax call.
-    '''
+    """
    tags = ['solution']
    def __init__(self, system, xml):

--- a/common/lib/capa/capa/inputtypes.py
+++ b/common/lib/capa/capa/inputtypes.py
@@ -102,7 +102,8 @@ class Attribute(object):
        val = element.get(self.name)
        if self.default == self._sentinel and val is None:
            raise ValueError(
-                'Missing required attribute {0}.'.format(self.name))
+                'Missing required attribute {0}.'.format(self.name)
+            )
        if val is None:
            # not required, so return default
@@ -156,8 +157,9 @@ class InputTypeBase(object):
        self.input_id = state.get('id', xml.get('id'))
        if self.input_id is None:
-            raise ValueError("input id state is None. xml is {0}".format(
+            raise ValueError(
-                etree.tostring(xml)))
+                "input id state is None. xml is {0}".format(etree.tostring(xml))
+            )
        self.value = state.get('value', '')
@@ -259,8 +261,9 @@ class InputTypeBase(object):
            'msg': self.msg,
            'STATIC_URL': self.capa_system.STATIC_URL,
        }
-        context.update((a, v) for (
+        context.update(
-            a, v) in self.loaded_attributes.iteritems() if a in self.to_render)
+            (a, v) for (a, v) in self.loaded_attributes.iteritems() if a in self.to_render
+        )
        context.update(self._extra_context())
        return context
@@ -394,7 +397,7 @@ class ChoiceGroup(InputTypeBase):
    @staticmethod
    def extract_choices(element):
-        '''
+        """
        Extracts choices for a few input types, such as ChoiceGroup, RadioGroup and
        CheckboxGroup.
@@ -402,7 +405,7 @@ class ChoiceGroup(InputTypeBase):
        TODO: allow order of choices to be randomized, following lon-capa spec.  Use
        "location" attribute, ie random, top, bottom.
-        '''
+        """
        choices = []
@@ -574,7 +577,8 @@ class TextLine(InputTypeBase):
            # Preprocessor to insert between raw input and Mathjax
            self.preprocessor = {
                'class_name': self.loaded_attributes['preprocessorClassName'],
-                'script_src': self.loaded_attributes['preprocessorSrc']}
+                'script_src': self.loaded_attributes['preprocessorSrc'],
+            }
            if None in self.preprocessor.values():
                self.preprocessor = None
@@ -594,9 +598,6 @@ class FileSubmission(InputTypeBase):
    template = "filesubmission.html"
    tags = ['filesubmission']
-    # pulled out for testing
-    submitted_msg = ("Your file(s) have been submitted; as soon as your submission is"
-                     " graded, this message will be replaced with the grader's feedback.")
    @staticmethod
    def parse_files(files):
@@ -618,6 +619,11 @@ class FileSubmission(InputTypeBase):
        Do some magic to handle queueing status (render as "queued" instead of "incomplete"),
        pull queue_len from the msg field.  (TODO: get rid of the queue_len hack).
        """
+        _ = self.capa_system.i18n.ugettext
+        submitted_msg = _("Your file(s) have been submitted. As soon as your submission is"
+                          " graded, this message will be replaced with the grader's feedback.")
+        self.submitted_msg = submitted_msg
        # Check if problem has been queued
        self.queue_len = 0
        # Flag indicating that the problem has been queued, 'msg' is length of
@@ -625,7 +631,7 @@ class FileSubmission(InputTypeBase):
        if self.status == 'incomplete':
            self.status = 'queued'
            self.queue_len = self.msg
-            self.msg = FileSubmission.submitted_msg
+            self.msg = self.submitted_msg
    def _extra_context(self):
        return {'queue_len': self.queue_len, }
@@ -641,15 +647,13 @@ class CodeInput(InputTypeBase):
    """
    template = "codeinput.html"
-    tags = ['codeinput',
+    tags = [
+        'codeinput',
        'textbox',
        # Another (older) name--at some point we may want to make it use a
        # non-codemirror editor.
    ]
-    # pulled out for testing
-    submitted_msg = ("Submitted.  As soon as your submission is"
-                     " graded, this message will be replaced with the grader's feedback.")
    @classmethod
    def get_attributes(cls):
@@ -686,7 +690,12 @@ class CodeInput(InputTypeBase):
            self.msg = self.submitted_msg
    def setup(self):
-        ''' setup this input type '''
+        """ setup this input type """
+        _ = self.capa_system.i18n.ugettext
+        submitted_msg = _("Your answer has been submitted. As soon as your submission is"
+                          " graded, this message will be replaced with the grader's feedback.")
+        self.submitted_msg = submitted_msg
        self.setup_code_response_rendering()
    def _extra_context(self):
@@ -699,7 +708,7 @@ class CodeInput(InputTypeBase):
 @registry.register
 class MatlabInput(CodeInput):
-    '''
+    """
    InputType for handling Matlab code input
    TODO: API_KEY will go away once we have a way to specify it per-course
@@ -710,17 +719,20 @@ class MatlabInput(CodeInput):
          %api_key=API_KEY
        </plot_payload>
    </matlabinput>
-    '''
+    """
    template = "matlabinput.html"
    tags = ['matlabinput']
-    plot_submitted_msg = ("Submitted. As soon as a response is returned, "
-                          "this message will be replaced by that feedback.")
    def setup(self):
-        '''
+        """
        Handle matlab-specific parsing
-        '''
+        """
+        _ = self.capa_system.i18n.ugettext
+        submitted_msg = _("Submitted. As soon as a response is returned, "
+                          "this message will be replaced by that feedback.")
+        self.submitted_msg = submitted_msg
        self.setup_code_response_rendering()
        xml = self.xml
@@ -736,10 +748,10 @@ class MatlabInput(CodeInput):
        if 'queuestate' in self.input_state and self.input_state['queuestate'] == 'queued':
            self.status = 'queued'
            self.queue_len = 1
-            self.msg = self.plot_submitted_msg
+            self.msg = self.submitted_msg
    def handle_ajax(self, dispatch, data):
-        '''
+        """
        Handle AJAX calls directed to this input
        Args:
@@ -748,14 +760,14 @@ class MatlabInput(CodeInput):
        Returns:
            dict - 'success' - whether or not we successfully queued this submission
                 - 'message' - message to be rendered in case of error
-        '''
+        """
        if dispatch == 'plot':
            return self._plot_data(data)
        return {}
    def ungraded_response(self, queue_msg, queuekey):
-        '''
+        """
        Handle the response from the XQueue
        Stores the response in the input_state so it can be rendered later
@@ -765,7 +777,7 @@ class MatlabInput(CodeInput):
        Returns:
            nothing
-        '''
+        """
        # check the queuekey against the saved queuekey
        if('queuestate' in self.input_state and self.input_state['queuestate'] == 'queued'
                and self.input_state['queuekey'] == queuekey):
@@ -787,7 +799,7 @@ class MatlabInput(CodeInput):
            return True
    def _extra_context(self):
-        ''' Set up additional context variables'''
+        """ Set up additional context variables"""
        extra_context = {
            'queue_len': str(self.queue_len),
            'queue_msg': self.queue_msg,
@@ -796,31 +808,31 @@ class MatlabInput(CodeInput):
        return extra_context
    def _parse_data(self, queue_msg):
-        '''
+        """
        Parses the message out of the queue message
        Args:
            queue_msg (str) - a JSON encoded string
        Returns:
            returns the value for the the key 'msg' in queue_msg
-        '''
+        """
        try:
            result = json.loads(queue_msg)
        except (TypeError, ValueError):
            log.error("External message should be a JSON serialized dict."
-                      " Received queue_msg = %s" % queue_msg)
+                      " Received queue_msg = %s", queue_msg)
            raise
        msg = result['msg']
        return msg
    def _plot_data(self, data):
-        '''
+        """
        AJAX handler for the plot button
        Args:
            get (dict) - should have key 'submission' which contains the student submission
        Returns:
            dict - 'success' - whether or not we successfully queued this submission
                 - 'message' - message to be rendered in case of error
-        '''
+        """
        # only send data if xqueue exists
        if self.capa_system.xqueue is None:
            return {'success': False, 'message': 'Cannot connect to the queue'}
@@ -843,11 +855,15 @@ class MatlabInput(CodeInput):
            queue_name=self.queuename)
        # construct xqueue body
-        student_info = {'anonymous_student_id': anonymous_student_id,
+        student_info = {
-                        'submission_time': qtime}
+            'anonymous_student_id': anonymous_student_id,
-        contents = {'grader_payload': self.plot_payload,
+            'submission_time': qtime
+        }
+        contents = {
+            'grader_payload': self.plot_payload,
            'student_info': json.dumps(student_info),
-                    'student_response': response}
+            'student_response': response
+        }
        (error, msg) = qinterface.send_to_queue(header=xheader,
                                                body=json.dumps(contents))
@@ -881,7 +897,8 @@ class Schematic(InputTypeBase):
            Attribute('parts', None),
            Attribute('analyses', None),
            Attribute('initial_value', None),
-            Attribute('submit_analyses', None), ]
+            Attribute('submit_analyses', None),
+        ]
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -1011,10 +1028,10 @@ class ChemicalEquationInput(InputTypeBase):
        }
    def handle_ajax(self, dispatch, data):
-        '''
+        """
        Since we only have chemcalc preview this input, check to see if it
        matches the corresponding dispatch and send it through if it does
-        '''
+        """
        if dispatch == 'preview_chemcalc':
            return self.preview_chemcalc(data)
        return {}
@@ -1097,10 +1114,10 @@ class FormulaEquationInput(InputTypeBase):
        }
    def handle_ajax(self, dispatch, get):
-        '''
+        """
        Since we only have formcalc preview this input, check to see if it
        matches the corresponding dispatch and send it through if it does
-        '''
+        """
        if dispatch == 'preview_formcalc':
            return self.preview_formcalc(get)
        return {}
@@ -1407,7 +1424,7 @@ class AnnotationInput(InputTypeBase):
        self._validate_options()
    def _find_options(self):
-        ''' Returns an array of dicts where each dict represents an option. '''
+        """ Returns an array of dicts where each dict represents an option. """
        elements = self.xml.findall('./options/option')
        return [{
                'id': index,
@@ -1416,7 +1433,7 @@ class AnnotationInput(InputTypeBase):
                } for (index, option) in enumerate(elements)]
    def _validate_options(self):
-        ''' Raises a ValueError if the choice attribute is missing or invalid. '''
+        """ Raises a ValueError if the choice attribute is missing or invalid. """
        valid_choices = ('correct', 'partially-correct', 'incorrect')
        for option in self.options:
            choice = option['choice']
@@ -1427,7 +1444,7 @@ class AnnotationInput(InputTypeBase):
                    choice, ', '.join(valid_choices)))
    def _unpack(self, json_value):
-        ''' Unpacks the json input state into a dict. '''
+        """ Unpacks the json input state into a dict. """
        d = json.loads(json_value)
        if type(d) != dict:
            d = {}

--- a/common/lib/capa/capa/responsetypes.py
+++ b/common/lib/capa/capa/responsetypes.py
 #
 # File:   courseware/capa/responsetypes.py
 #
-'''
+"""
 Problem response evaluation.  Handles checking of student responses,
 of a variety of types.
 Used by capa_problem.py
-'''
+"""
 # standard library imports
 import abc
@@ -57,25 +57,25 @@ CORRECTMAP_PY = None
 class LoncapaProblemError(Exception):
-    '''
+    """
    Error in specification of a problem
-    '''
+    """
    pass
 class ResponseError(Exception):
-    '''
+    """
    Error for failure in processing a response, including
    exceptions that occur when executing a custom script.
-    '''
+    """
    pass
 class StudentInputError(Exception):
-    '''
+    """
    Error for an invalid student input.
    For example, submitting a string when the problem expects a number
-    '''
+    """
    pass
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -130,7 +130,7 @@ class LoncapaResponse(object):
    required_attributes = []
    def __init__(self, xml, inputfields, context, system):
-        '''
+        """
        Init is passed the following arguments:
          - xml         : ElementTree of this Response
@@ -138,7 +138,7 @@ class LoncapaResponse(object):
          - context     : script processor context
          - system      : LoncapaSystem instance which provides OS, rendering, and user context
-        '''
+        """
        self.xml = xml
        self.inputfields = inputfields
        self.context = context
@@ -146,6 +146,8 @@ class LoncapaResponse(object):
        self.id = xml.get('id')
+        # The LoncapaProblemError messages here do not need to be translated as they are
+        # only displayed to the user when settings.DEBUG is True
        for abox in inputfields:
            if abox.tag not in self.allowed_inputfields:
                msg = "%s: cannot have input field %s" % (
@@ -194,20 +196,20 @@ class LoncapaResponse(object):
            self.setup_response()
    def get_max_score(self):
-        '''
+        """
        Return the total maximum points of all answer fields under this Response
-        '''
+        """
        return sum(self.maxpoints.values())
    def render_html(self, renderer, response_msg=''):
-        '''
+        """
        Return XHTML Element tree representation of this Response.
        Arguments:
          - renderer : procedure which produces HTML given an ElementTree
          - response_msg: a message displayed at the end of the Response
-        '''
+        """
        # render ourself as a <span> + our content
        tree = etree.Element('span')
@@ -229,12 +231,12 @@ class LoncapaResponse(object):
        return tree
    def evaluate_answers(self, student_answers, old_cmap):
-        '''
+        """
        Called by capa_problem.LoncapaProblem to evaluate student answers, and to
        generate hints (if any).
        Returns the new CorrectMap, with (correctness,msg,hint,hintmode) for each answer_id.
-        '''
+        """
        new_cmap = self.get_score(student_answers)
        self.get_hints(convert_files_to_filenames(
            student_answers), new_cmap, old_cmap)
@@ -242,14 +244,14 @@ class LoncapaResponse(object):
        return new_cmap
    def get_hints(self, student_answers, new_cmap, old_cmap):
-        '''
+        """
        Generate adaptive hints for this problem based on student answers, the old CorrectMap,
        and the new CorrectMap produced by get_score.
        Does not return anything.
        Modifies new_cmap, by adding hints to answer_id entries as appropriate.
-        '''
+        """
        hintgroup = self.xml.find('hintgroup')
        if hintgroup is None:
            return
@@ -301,9 +303,10 @@ class LoncapaResponse(object):
                    unsafely=self.capa_system.can_execute_unsafe_code(),
                )
            except Exception as err:
-                msg = 'Error %s in evaluating hint function %s' % (err, hintfn)
+                _ = self.capa_system.i18n.ugettext
-                msg += "\nSee XML source line %s" % getattr(
+                msg = _('Error {err} in evaluating hint function {hintfn}.').format(err=err, hintfn=hintfn)
-                    self.xml, 'sourceline', '<unavailable>')
+                sourcenum = getattr(self.xml, 'sourceline', _('(Source code line unavailable)'))
+                msg += "\n" + _("See XML source line {sourcenum}.").format(sourcenum=sourcenum)
                raise ResponseError(msg)
            new_cmap.set_dict(globals_dict['new_cmap_dict'])
@@ -346,24 +349,24 @@ class LoncapaResponse(object):
    @abc.abstractmethod
    def get_score(self, student_answers):
-        '''
+        """
        Return a CorrectMap for the answers expected vs given.  This includes
        (correctness, npoints, msg) for each answer_id.
        Arguments:
         - student_answers : dict of (answer_id, answer) where answer = student input (string)
-        '''
+        """
        pass
    @abc.abstractmethod
    def get_answers(self):
-        '''
+        """
        Return a dict of (answer_id, answer_text) for each answer for this question.
-        '''
+        """
        pass
    def check_hint_condition(self, hxml_set, student_answers):
-        '''
+        """
        Return a list of hints to show.
          - hxml_set        : list of Element trees, each specifying a condition to be
@@ -373,7 +376,7 @@ class LoncapaResponse(object):
        Returns a list of names of hint conditions which were satisfied.  Those are used
        to determine which hints are displayed.
-        '''
+        """
        pass
    def setup_response(self):
@@ -673,9 +676,9 @@ class ChoiceResponse(LoncapaResponse):
            'name') for choice in correct_xml])
    def assign_choice_names(self):
-        '''
+        """
        Initialize name attributes in <choice> tags for this response.
-        '''
+        """
        for index, choice in enumerate(self.xml.xpath('//*[@id=$id]//choice',
                                                      id=self.xml.get('id'))):
@@ -729,12 +732,13 @@ class MultipleChoiceResponse(LoncapaResponse):
        self.correct_choices = [
            contextualize_text(choice.get('name'), self.context)
            for choice in cxml
-            if contextualize_text(choice.get('correct'), self.context) == "true"]
+            if contextualize_text(choice.get('correct'), self.context) == "true"
+        ]
    def mc_setup_response(self):
-        '''
+        """
        Initialize name attributes in <choice> stanzas in the <choicegroup> in this response.
-        '''
+        """
        i = 0
        for response in self.xml.xpath("choicegroup"):
            rtype = response.get('type')
@@ -749,9 +753,9 @@ class MultipleChoiceResponse(LoncapaResponse):
                    choice.set("name", "choice_" + choice.get("name"))
    def get_score(self, student_answers):
-        '''
+        """
        grade student response.
-        '''
+        """
        # log.debug('%s: student_answers=%s, correct_choices=%s' % (
        #   unicode(self), student_answers, self.correct_choices))
        if (self.answer_id in student_answers
@@ -794,9 +798,9 @@ class TrueFalseResponse(MultipleChoiceResponse):
 @registry.register
 class OptionResponse(LoncapaResponse):
-    '''
+    """
    TODO: handle direction and randomize
-    '''
+    """
    tags = ['optionresponse']
    hint_tag = 'optionhint'
@@ -828,10 +832,10 @@ class OptionResponse(LoncapaResponse):
 @registry.register
 class NumericalResponse(LoncapaResponse):
-    '''
+    """
    This response type expects a number or formulaic expression that evaluates
    to a number (e.g. `4+5/2^2`), and accepts with a tolerance.
-    '''
+    """
    tags = ['numericalresponse']
    hint_tag = 'numericalhint'
@@ -877,19 +881,20 @@ class NumericalResponse(LoncapaResponse):
                log.debug("Content error--answer '%s' is not a valid number", self.correct_answer)
                _ = self.capa_system.i18n.ugettext
                raise StudentInputError(
-                    _("There was a problem with the staff answer to this problem")
+                    _("There was a problem with the staff answer to this problem.")
                )
        return correct_ans
    def get_score(self, student_answers):
-        '''Grade a numeric response '''
+        """Grade a numeric response"""
        student_answer = student_answers[self.answer_id]
        correct_float = self.get_staff_ans()
+        _ = self.capa_system.i18n.ugettext
        general_exception = StudentInputError(
-            u"Could not interpret '{0}' as a number".format(cgi.escape(student_answer))
+            _(u"Could not interpret '{student_answer}' as a number.").format(student_answer=cgi.escape(student_answer))
        )
        # Begin `evaluator` block
@@ -898,7 +903,7 @@ class NumericalResponse(LoncapaResponse):
            student_float = evaluator({}, {}, student_answer)
        except UndefinedVariable as undef_var:
            raise StudentInputError(
-                u"You may not use variables ({0}) in numerical problems".format(undef_var.message)
+                _(u"You may not use variables ({bad_variables}) in numerical problems.").format(bad_variables=undef_var.message)
            )
        except ValueError as val_err:
            if 'factorial' in val_err.message:
@@ -907,14 +912,14 @@ class NumericalResponse(LoncapaResponse):
                # ve.message will be: `factorial() only accepts integral values` or
                # `factorial() not defined for negative values`
                raise StudentInputError(
-                    ("factorial function evaluated outside its domain:"
+                    _("factorial function evaluated outside its domain:"
-                     "'{0}'").format(cgi.escape(student_answer))
+                      "'{student_answer}'").format(student_answer=cgi.escape(student_answer))
                )
            else:
                raise general_exception
        except ParseException:
            raise StudentInputError(
-                u"Invalid math syntax: '{0}'".format(cgi.escape(student_answer))
+                _(u"Invalid math syntax: '{student_answer}'").format(student_answer=cgi.escape(student_answer))
            )
        except Exception:
            raise general_exception
@@ -957,7 +962,7 @@ class NumericalResponse(LoncapaResponse):
 @registry.register
 class StringResponse(LoncapaResponse):
-    '''
+    """
    This response type allows one or more answers.
    Additional answers are added by `additional_answer` tag.
@@ -987,7 +992,7 @@ class StringResponse(LoncapaResponse):
                </hintpart >
            </hintgroup>
        </stringresponse>
-    '''
+    """
    tags = ['stringresponse']
    hint_tag = 'stringhint'
    allowed_inputfields = ['textline']
@@ -1020,7 +1025,7 @@ class StringResponse(LoncapaResponse):
            self.xml.remove(el)
    def get_score(self, student_answers):
-        '''Grade a string response '''
+        """Grade a string response """
        student_answer = student_answers[self.answer_id].strip()
        correct = self.check_string(self.correct_answer, student_answer)
        return CorrectMap(self.answer_id, 'correct' if correct else 'incorrect')
@@ -1092,10 +1097,10 @@ class StringResponse(LoncapaResponse):
 @registry.register
 class CustomResponse(LoncapaResponse):
-    '''
+    """
    Custom response.  The python code to be run should be in <answer>...</answer>
    or in a <script>...</script>
-    '''
+    """
    tags = ['customresponse']
@@ -1176,10 +1181,10 @@ class CustomResponse(LoncapaResponse):
                    self.code = answer.text
    def get_score(self, student_answers):
-        '''
+        """
        student_answers is a dict with everything from request.POST, but with the first part
        of each key removed (the string before the first "_").
-        '''
+        """
        log.debug('%s: student_answers=%s', unicode(self), student_answers)
@@ -1345,8 +1350,10 @@ class CustomResponse(LoncapaResponse):
                # Raise an exception
                else:
                    log.error(traceback.format_exc())
+                    _ = self.capa_system.i18n.ugettext
                    raise ResponseError(
-                        "CustomResponse: check function returned an invalid dict")
+                        _("CustomResponse: check function returned an invalid dictionary!")
+                    )
            else:
                correct = ['correct' if ret else 'incorrect'] * len(idset)
@@ -1385,7 +1392,7 @@ class CustomResponse(LoncapaResponse):
            return ""
    def get_answers(self):
-        '''
+        """
        Give correct answer expected for this response.
        use default_answer_map from entry elements (eg textline),
@@ -1393,7 +1400,7 @@ class CustomResponse(LoncapaResponse):
        but for simplicity, if an "expect" attribute was given by the content author
        ie <customresponse expect="foo" ...> then that.
-        '''
+        """
        if len(self.answer_ids) > 1:
            return self.default_answer_map
        if self.expect:
@@ -1401,12 +1408,12 @@ class CustomResponse(LoncapaResponse):
        return self.default_answer_map
    def _handle_exec_exception(self, err):
-        '''
+        """
        Handle an exception raised during the execution of
        custom Python code.
        Raises a ResponseError
-        '''
+        """
        # Log the error if we are debugging
        msg = 'Error occurred while evaluating CustomResponse'
@@ -1498,11 +1505,11 @@ class CodeResponse(LoncapaResponse):
    queue_name = None
    def setup_response(self):
-        '''
+        """
        Configure CodeResponse from XML. Supports both CodeResponse and ExternalResponse XML
        TODO: Determines whether in synchronous or asynchronous (queued) mode
-        '''
+        """
        xml = self.xml
        # TODO: XML can override external resource (grader/queue) URL
        self.url = xml.get('url', None)
@@ -1522,12 +1529,12 @@ class CodeResponse(LoncapaResponse):
        self._parse_coderesponse_xml(codeparam)
    def _parse_coderesponse_xml(self, codeparam):
-        '''
+        """
        Parse the new CodeResponse XML format. When successful, sets:
            self.initial_display
            self.answer (an answer to display to the student in the LMS)
            self.payload
-        '''
+        """
        # Note that CodeResponse is agnostic to the specific contents of
        # grader_payload
        grader_payload = codeparam.find('grader_payload')
@@ -1614,9 +1621,10 @@ class CodeResponse(LoncapaResponse):
        cmap = CorrectMap()
        if error:
-            cmap.set(self.answer_id, queuestate=None,
+            _ = self.capa_system.i18n.ugettext
-                     msg='Unable to deliver your submission to grader. (Reason: %s.)'
+            error_msg = _('Unable to deliver your submission to grader (Reason: {error_msg}).'
-                         ' Please try again later.' % msg)
+                          ' Please try again later.').format(error_msg=msg)
+            cmap.set(self.answer_id, queuestate=None, msg=error_msg)
        else:
            # Queueing mechanism flags:
            #   1) Backend: Non-null CorrectMap['queuestate'] indicates that
@@ -1632,9 +1640,13 @@ class CodeResponse(LoncapaResponse):
    def update_score(self, score_msg, oldcmap, queuekey):
        """Updates the user's score based on the returned message from the grader."""
        (valid_score_msg, correct, points, msg) = self._parse_score_msg(score_msg)
+        _ = self.capa_system.i18n.ugettext
        if not valid_score_msg:
-            oldcmap.set(self.answer_id,
+            # Translators: 'grader' refers to the edX automatic code grader.
-                        msg='Invalid grader reply. Please contact the course staff.')
+            error_msg = _('Invalid grader reply. Please contact the course staff.')
+            oldcmap.set(self.answer_id, msg=error_msg)
            return oldcmap
        correctness = 'correct' if correct else 'incorrect'
@@ -1944,6 +1956,8 @@ class FormulaResponse(LoncapaResponse):
        Each dictionary represents a test case for the answer.
        Returns a tuple of formula evaluation results.
        """
+        _ = self.capa_system.i18n.ugettext
        out = []
        for var_dict in var_dict_list:
            try:
@@ -1959,7 +1973,7 @@ class FormulaResponse(LoncapaResponse):
                    cgi.escape(answer)
                )
                raise StudentInputError(
-                    "Invalid input: " + err.message + " not permitted in answer"
+                    _("Invalid input: {bad_input} not permitted in answer.").format(bad_input=err.message)
                )
            except ValueError as err:
                if 'factorial' in err.message:
@@ -1974,19 +1988,25 @@ class FormulaResponse(LoncapaResponse):
                        cgi.escape(answer)
                    )
                    raise StudentInputError(
-                        ("factorial function not permitted in answer "
+                        _("factorial function not permitted in answer "
                          "for this problem. Provided answer was: "
-                         "{0}").format(cgi.escape(answer))
+                          "{bad_input}").format(bad_input=cgi.escape(answer))
                    )
                # If non-factorial related ValueError thrown, handle it the same as any other Exception
                log.debug('formularesponse: error %s in formula', err)
-                raise StudentInputError("Invalid input: Could not parse '%s' as a formula" %
+                raise StudentInputError(
-                                        cgi.escape(answer))
+                    _("Invalid input: Could not parse '{bad_input}' as a formula.").format(
+                        bad_input=cgi.escape(answer)
+                    )
+                )
            except Exception as err:
                # traceback.print_exc()
                log.debug('formularesponse: error %s in formula', err)
-                raise StudentInputError("Invalid input: Could not parse '%s' as a formula" %
+                raise StudentInputError(
-                                        cgi.escape(answer))
+                    _("Invalid input: Could not parse '{bad_input}' as a formula").format(
+                        bad_input=cgi.escape(answer)
+                    )
+                )
        return out
    def randomize_variables(self, samples):
@@ -2124,7 +2144,9 @@ class SchematicResponse(LoncapaResponse):
                unsafely=self.capa_system.can_execute_unsafe_code(),
            )
        except Exception as err:
-            msg = 'Error %s in evaluating SchematicResponse' % err
+            _ = self.capa_system.i18n.ugettext
+            # Translators: 'SchematicResponse' is a problem type and should not be translated.
+            msg = _('Error in evaluating SchematicResponse. The error was: {error_msg}').format(error_msg=err)
            raise ResponseError(msg)
        cmap = CorrectMap()
        cmap.set_dict(dict(zip(sorted(self.answer_ids), self.context['correct'])))
@@ -2674,6 +2696,7 @@ class ChoiceTextResponse(LoncapaResponse):
        Returns True if and only if all student inputs are correct.
        """
+        _ = self.capa_system.i18n.ugettext
        inputs_correct = True
        for answer_name, answer_value in numtolerance_inputs.iteritems():
            # If `self.corrrect_inputs` does not contain an entry for
@@ -2691,11 +2714,11 @@ class ChoiceTextResponse(LoncapaResponse):
                correct_ans = complex(correct_ans)
            except ValueError:
                log.debug(
-                    "Content error--answer" +
+                    "Content error--answer '%s' is not a valid complex number",
-                    "'{0}' is not a valid complex number".format(correct_ans)
+                    correct_ans
                )
                raise StudentInputError(
-                    "The Staff answer could not be interpreted as a number."
+                    _("The Staff answer could not be interpreted as a number.")
                )
            # Compare the student answer to the staff answer/ or to 0
            # if all that is important is verifying numericality
@@ -2708,14 +2731,13 @@ class ChoiceTextResponse(LoncapaResponse):
            except:
                # Use the traceback-preserving version of re-raising with a
                # different type
-                _, _, trace = sys.exc_info()
+                __, __, trace = sys.exc_info()
+                msg = _("Could not interpret '{given_answer}' as a number.").format(
-                raise StudentInputError(
+                    given_answer=cgi.escape(answer_value)
-                    "Could not interpret '{0}' as a number{1}".format(
-                        cgi.escape(answer_value),
-                        trace
-                    )
                )
+                msg += " ({0})".format(trace)
+                raise StudentInputError(msg)
            # Ignore the results of the comparisons which were just for
            # Numerical Validation.
            if answer_name in self.correct_inputs and not partial_correct:

--- a/common/lib/capa/capa/tests/test_inputtypes.py
+++ b/common/lib/capa/capa/tests/test_inputtypes.py
@@ -313,7 +313,7 @@ class FileSubmissionTest(unittest.TestCase):
            'STATIC_URL': '/dummy-static/',
            'id': 'prob_1_2',
            'status': 'queued',
-            'msg': input_class.submitted_msg,
+            'msg': the_input.submitted_msg,
            'value': 'BumbleBee.py',
            'queue_len': '3',
            'allowed_files': '["runme.py", "nooooo.rb", "ohai.java"]',
@@ -362,7 +362,7 @@ class CodeInputTest(unittest.TestCase):
            'id': 'prob_1_2',
            'value': 'print "good evening"',
            'status': 'queued',
-            'msg': input_class.submitted_msg,
+            'msg': the_input.submitted_msg,
            'mode': mode,
            'linenumbers': linenumbers,
            'rows': rows,
@@ -415,7 +415,7 @@ class MatlabTest(unittest.TestCase):
            'id': 'prob_1_2',
            'value': 'print "good evening"',
            'status': 'queued',
-            'msg': self.input_class.submitted_msg,
+            'msg': self.the_input.submitted_msg,
            'mode': self.mode,
            'rows': self.rows,
            'cols': self.cols,
@@ -444,7 +444,7 @@ class MatlabTest(unittest.TestCase):
            'id': 'prob_1_2',
            'value': 'print "good evening"',
            'status': 'queued',
-            'msg': self.input_class.submitted_msg,
+            'msg': the_input.submitted_msg,
            'mode': self.mode,
            'rows': self.rows,
            'cols': self.cols,
@@ -501,7 +501,7 @@ class MatlabTest(unittest.TestCase):
            'id': 'prob_1_2',
            'value': 'print "good evening"',
            'status': 'queued',
-            'msg': self.input_class.plot_submitted_msg,
+            'msg': the_input.submitted_msg,
            'mode': self.mode,
            'rows': self.rows,
            'cols': self.cols,

--- a/common/lib/capa/capa/tests/test_responsetypes.py
+++ b/common/lib/capa/capa/tests/test_responsetypes.py
@@ -1150,7 +1150,7 @@ class NumericalResponseTest(ResponseTest):
            """A fake gettext.Translations object."""
            def ugettext(self, text):
                """Return the 'translation' of `text`."""
-                if text == "There was a problem with the staff answer to this problem":
+                if text == "There was a problem with the staff answer to this problem.":
                    text = "TRANSLATED!"
                return text
        problem.capa_system.i18n = FakeTranslations()

--- a/common/lib/capa/capa/util.py
+++ b/common/lib/capa/capa/util.py
@@ -8,10 +8,10 @@ default_tolerance = '0.001%'
 def compare_with_tolerance(v1, v2, tol=default_tolerance):
-    '''
+    """
    Compare v1 to v2 with maximum tolerance tol.
-    tol is relative if it ends in %; otherwise, it is absolute
+    tol is relative if it ends in %; otherwise, it is absolute.
     - v1    :  student result (float complex number)
     - v2    :  instructor result (float complex number)
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ def compare_with_tolerance(v1, v2, tol=default_tolerance):
        Out[183]: -3.3881317890172014e-21
        In [212]: 1.9e24 - 1.9*10**24
        Out[212]: 268435456.0
-    '''
+    """
    relative = tol.endswith('%')
    if relative:
        tolerance_rel = evaluator(dict(), dict(), tol[:-1]) * 0.01
@@ -46,8 +46,10 @@ def compare_with_tolerance(v1, v2, tol=default_tolerance):
 def contextualize_text(text, context):  # private
-    ''' Takes a string with variables. E.g. $a+$b.
+    """
-    Does a substitution of those variables from the context '''
+    Takes a string with variables. E.g. $a+$b.
+    Does a substitution of those variables from the context
+    """
    if not text:
        return text
    for key in sorted(context, lambda x, y: cmp(len(y), len(x))):
@@ -66,10 +68,10 @@ def contextualize_text(text, context):  # private
 def convert_files_to_filenames(answers):
-    '''
+    """
    Check for File objects in the dict of submitted answers,
        convert File objects to their filename (string)
-    '''
+    """
    new_answers = dict()
    for answer_id in answers.keys():
        answer = answers[answer_id]
@@ -86,9 +88,9 @@ def is_list_of_files(files):
 def is_file(file_to_test):
-    '''
+    """
    Duck typing to check if 'file_to_test' is a File object
-    '''
+    """
    return all(hasattr(file_to_test, method) for method in ['read', 'name'])

--- a/common/lib/capa/capa/xqueue_interface.py
+++ b/common/lib/capa/capa/xqueue_interface.py
@@ -12,9 +12,9 @@ dateformat = '%Y%m%d%H%M%S'
 def make_hashkey(seed):
-    '''
+    """
    Generate a string key by hashing
-    '''
+    """
    h = hashlib.md5()
    h.update(str(seed))
    return h.hexdigest()
@@ -57,9 +57,9 @@ def parse_xreply(xreply):
 class XQueueInterface(object):
-    '''
+    """
    Interface to the external grading system
-    '''
+    """
    def __init__(self, url, django_auth, requests_auth=None):
        self.url = url
@@ -106,8 +106,10 @@ class XQueueInterface(object):
        return self._http_post(self.url + '/xqueue/login/', payload)
    def _send_to_queue(self, header, body, files_to_upload):
-        payload = {'xqueue_header': header,
+        payload = {
-                   'xqueue_body': body}
+            'xqueue_header': header,
+            'xqueue_body': body
+        }
        files = {}
        if files_to_upload is not None:
            for f in files_to_upload: