Intro to Playbooks
==================

.. _about_playbooks:

About Playbooks
```````````````

Playbooks are a completely different way to use ansible than in adhoc task execution mode, and are
particularly powerful. 

Simply put, playbooks are the basis for a really simple configuration management and multi-machine deployment system,
unlike any that already exist, and one that is very well suited to deploying complex applications.

Playbooks can declare configurations, but they can also orchestrate steps of
any manual ordered process, even as different steps must bounce back and forth
between sets of machines in particular orders.  They can launch tasks
synchronously or asynchronously.

While you might run the main /usr/bin/ansible program for ad-hoc
tasks, playbooks are more likely to be kept in source control and used
to push out your configuration or assure the configurations of your
remote systems are in spec.

There are also some full sets of playbooks illustrating a lot of these techniques in the
`ansible-examples repository <https://github.com/ansible/ansible-examples>`_.  We'd recommend
looking at these in another tab as you go along.

There are also many jumping off points after you learn playbooks, so hop back to the documentation
index after you're done with this section.

.. _playbook_language_example:

Playbook Language Example
`````````````````````````

Playbooks are expressed in YAML format (see :doc:`YAMLSyntax`) and have a minimum of syntax, which intentionally
tries to not be a programming language or script, but rather a model of a configuration or a process.

Each playbook is composed of one or more 'plays' in a list.

The goal of a play is to map a group of hosts to some well defined roles, represented by
things ansible calls tasks.  At a basic level, a task is nothing more than a call
to an ansible module, which you should have learned about in earlier chapters.

By composing a playbook of multiple 'plays', it is possible to
orchestrate multi-machine deployments, running certain steps on all
machines in the webservers group, then certain steps on the database
server group, then more commands back on the webservers group, etc.

"plays" are more or less a sports analogy.  You can have quite a lot of plays that affect your systems
to do different things.  It's not as if you were just defining one particular state or model, and you
can run different plays at different times.  

For starters, here's a playbook that contains just one play::

    ---
    - hosts: webservers
      vars:
        http_port: 80
        max_clients: 200
      remote_user: root
      tasks:
      - name: ensure apache is at the latest version
        yum: pkg=httpd state=latest
      - name: write the apache config file
        template: src=/srv/httpd.j2 dest=/etc/httpd.conf
        notify:
        - restart apache
      - name: ensure apache is running (and enable it at boot)
        service: name=httpd state=started enabled=yes
      handlers:
        - name: restart apache
          service: name=httpd state=restarted

We can also break task items out over multiple lines using the YAML dictionary
types to supply module arguments. This can be helpful when working with tasks
that have really long parameters or modules that take many parameters to keep
them well structured. Below is another version of the above example but using
YAML dictionaries to supply the modules with their key=value arguments.::

    ---
    - hosts: webservers
      vars:
        http_port: 80
        max_clients: 200
      remote_user: root
      tasks:
      - name: ensure apache is at the latest version
        yum:
          pkg: httpd
          state: latest
      - name: write the apache config file
        template:
          src: /srv/httpd.j2
          dest: /etc/httpd.conf
        notify:
        - restart apache
      - name: ensure apache is running
        service:
          name: httpd
          state: started
      handlers:
        - name: restart apache
          service:
            name: httpd
            state: restarted

Playbooks can contain multiple plays. You may have a playbook that targets first
the web servers, and then the database servers. For example::

    ---
    - hosts: webservers
      remote_user: root

      tasks:
      - name: ensure apache is at the latest version
        yum: pkg=httpd state=latest
      - name: write the apache config file
        template: src=/srv/httpd.j2 dest=/etc/httpd.conf

    - hosts: databases
      remote_user: root

      tasks:
      - name: ensure postgresql is at the latest version
        yum: name=postgresql state=latest
      - name: ensure that postgresql is started
        service: name=postgresql state=running

You can use this method to switch between the host group you're targeting,
the username logging into the remote servers, whether to sudo or not, and so
forth. Plays, like tasks, run in the order specified in the playbook: top to
bottom.

Below, we'll break down what the various features of the playbook language are.

.. _playbook_basics:

Basics
``````

.. _playbook_hosts_and_users:

Hosts and Users
+++++++++++++++

For each play in a playbook, you get to choose which machines in your infrastructure
to target and what remote user to complete the steps (called tasks) as.

The `hosts` line is a list of one or more groups or host patterns,
separated by colons, as described in the :doc:`intro_patterns`
documentation.  The `remote_user` is just the name of the user account::

    ---
    - hosts: webservers
      remote_user: root

.. note::

    The `remote_user` parameter was formerly called just `user`. It was renamed in Ansible 1.4 to make it more distinguishable from the `user` module (used to create users on remote systems).

Remote users can also be defined per task::

    ---
    - hosts: webservers
      remote_user: root
      tasks:
        - name: test connection
          ping:
          remote_user: yourname

.. note::

    The `remote_user` parameter for tasks was added in 1.4.


Support for running things as another user is also available (see :doc:`become`)::

    ---
    - hosts: webservers
      remote_user: yourname
      sudo: yes

You can also use sudo on a particular task instead of the whole play::

    ---
    - hosts: webservers
      remote_user: yourname
      tasks:
        - service: name=nginx state=started
          become: yes
          become_method: sudo

.. note::

    The become syntax deprecates the old sudo/su specific syntax beginning in 1.9.

You can also login as you, and then become a user different than root::

    ---
    - hosts: webservers
      remote_user: yourname
      become: yes
      become_user: postgres

You can also use other privilege escalation methods, like su::

    ---
    - hosts: webservers
      remote_user: yourname
      become: yes
      become_method: su

If you need to specify a password to sudo, run `ansible-playbook` with ``--ask-become-pass`` or
when using the old sudo syntax ``--ask-sudo-pass`` (`-K`).  If you run a become playbook and the
playbook seems to hang, it's probably stuck at the privilege escalation prompt.
Just `Control-C` to kill it and run it again adding the appropriate password.

.. important::

   When using `become_user` to a user other than root, the module
   arguments are briefly written into a random tempfile in /tmp.
   These are deleted immediately after the command is executed.  This
   only occurs when changing privileges from a user like 'bob' to 'timmy',
   not when going from 'bob' to 'root', or logging in directly as 'bob' or
   'root'.  If it concerns you that this data is briefly readable
   (not writable), avoid transferring unencrypted passwords with
   `become_user` set.  In other cases, '/tmp' is not used and this does
   not come into play. Ansible also takes care to not log password
   parameters.

.. _tasks_list:

Tasks list
++++++++++

Each play contains a list of tasks.  Tasks are executed in order, one
at a time, against all machines matched by the host pattern,
before moving on to the next task.  It is important to understand that, within a play,
all hosts are going to get the same task directives.  It is the purpose of a play to map
a selection of hosts to tasks.

When running the playbook, which runs top to bottom, hosts with failed tasks are
taken out of the rotation for the entire playbook.  If things fail, simply correct the playbook file and rerun.

The goal of each task is to execute a module, with very specific arguments.
Variables, as mentioned above, can be used in arguments to modules.

Modules are 'idempotent', meaning if you run them
again, they will make only the changes they must in order to bring the
system to the desired state.  This makes it very safe to rerun
the same playbook multiple times.  They won't change things
unless they have to change things.

The `command` and `shell` modules will typically rerun the same command again,
which is totally ok if the command is something like
'chmod' or 'setsebool', etc.  Though there is a 'creates' flag available which can
be used to make these modules also idempotent.

Every task should have a `name`, which is included in the output from
running the playbook.   This is output for humans, so it is
nice to have reasonably good descriptions of each task step.  If the name
is not provided though, the string fed to 'action' will be used for
output.

Tasks can be declared using the legacy "action: module options" format, but 
it is recommended that you use the more conventional "module: options" format.
This recommended format is used throughout the documentation, but you may
encounter the older format in some playbooks.

Here is what a basic task looks like. As with most modules,
the service module takes key=value arguments::

   tasks:
     - name: make sure apache is running
       service: name=httpd state=running

The `command` and `shell` modules are the only modules that just take a list
of arguments and don't use the key=value form.  This makes
them work as simply as you would expect::

   tasks:
     - name: disable selinux
       command: /sbin/setenforce 0

The command and shell module care about return codes, so if you have a command
whose successful exit code is not zero, you may wish to do this::

   tasks:
     - name: run this command and ignore the result
       shell: /usr/bin/somecommand || /bin/true

Or this::

   tasks:
     - name: run this command and ignore the result
       shell: /usr/bin/somecommand
       ignore_errors: True


If the action line is getting too long for comfort you can break it on
a space and indent any continuation lines::

    tasks:
      - name: Copy ansible inventory file to client
        copy: src=/etc/ansible/hosts dest=/etc/ansible/hosts
                owner=root group=root mode=0644

Variables can be used in action lines.   Suppose you defined
a variable called 'vhost' in the 'vars' section, you could do this::

   tasks:
     - name: create a virtual host file for {{ vhost }}
       template: src=somefile.j2 dest=/etc/httpd/conf.d/{{ vhost }}

Those same variables are usable in templates, which we'll get to later.

Now in a very basic playbook all the tasks will be listed directly in that play, though it will usually
make more sense to break up tasks using the 'include:' directive.  We'll show that a bit later.

.. _action_shorthand:

Action Shorthand
````````````````

.. versionadded:: 0.8

Ansible prefers listing modules like this in 0.8 and later::

    template: src=templates/foo.j2 dest=/etc/foo.conf

You will notice in earlier versions, this was only available as::

    action: template src=templates/foo.j2 dest=/etc/foo.conf

The old form continues to work in newer versions without any plan of deprecation.

.. _handlers:

Handlers: Running Operations On Change
``````````````````````````````````````

As we've mentioned, modules are written to be 'idempotent' and can relay when
they have made a change on the remote system.   Playbooks recognize this and
have a basic event system that can be used to respond to change.

These 'notify' actions are triggered at the end of each block of tasks in a playbook, and will only be
triggered once even if notified by multiple different tasks.

For instance, multiple resources may indicate
that apache needs to be restarted because they have changed a config file,
but apache will only be bounced once to avoid unnecessary restarts.

Here's an example of restarting two services when the contents of a file
change, but only if the file changes::

   - name: template configuration file
     template: src=template.j2 dest=/etc/foo.conf
     notify:
        - restart memcached
        - restart apache

The things listed in the 'notify' section of a task are called
handlers.

Handlers are lists of tasks, not really any different from regular
tasks, that are referenced by a globally unique name.  Handlers are
what notifiers notify.  If nothing notifies a handler, it will not
run.  Regardless of how many things notify a handler, it will run only
once, after all of the tasks complete in a particular play.

Here's an example handlers section::

    handlers:
        - name: restart memcached
          service: name=memcached state=restarted
        - name: restart apache
          service: name=apache state=restarted

Handlers are best used to restart services and trigger reboots.  You probably
won't need them for much else.

.. note::
   * Notify handlers are always run in the order written.
   * Handler names live in a global namespace.
   * If two handler tasks have the same name, only one will run.
     `* <https://github.com/ansible/ansible/issues/4943>`_

Roles are described later on.  It's worthwhile to point out that handlers are
automatically processed between 'pre_tasks', 'roles', 'tasks', and 'post_tasks'
sections.  If you ever want to flush all the handler commands immediately though,
in 1.2 and later, you can::

    tasks:
       - shell: some tasks go here
       - meta: flush_handlers
       - shell: some other tasks

In the above example any queued up handlers would be processed early when the 'meta'
statement was reached.  This is a bit of a niche case but can come in handy from
time to time.

.. _executing_a_playbook:

Executing A Playbook
````````````````````

Now that you've learned playbook syntax, how do you run a playbook?  It's simple.
Let's run a playbook using a parallelism level of 10::

    ansible-playbook playbook.yml -f 10

.. _ansible-pull:

Ansible-Pull
````````````

Should you want to invert the architecture of Ansible, so that nodes check in to a central location, instead
of pushing configuration out to them, you can.

Ansible-pull is a small script that will checkout a repo of configuration instructions from git, and then
run ansible-playbook against that content.

Assuming you load balance your checkout location, ansible-pull scales essentially infinitely.

Run ``ansible-pull --help`` for details.

There's also a `clever playbook <https://github.com/ansible/ansible-examples/blob/master/language_features/ansible_pull.yml>`_ available to configure ansible-pull via a crontab from push mode.

.. _tips_and_tricks:

Tips and Tricks
```````````````

Look at the bottom of the playbook execution for a summary of the nodes that were targeted
and how they performed.   General failures and fatal "unreachable" communication attempts are
kept separate in the counts.

If you ever want to see detailed output from successful modules as well as unsuccessful ones,
use the ``--verbose`` flag.  This is available in Ansible 0.5 and later.

Ansible playbook output is vastly upgraded if the cowsay
package is installed.  Try it!

To see what hosts would be affected by a playbook before you run it, you
can do this::

    ansible-playbook playbook.yml --list-hosts

.. seealso::

   :doc:`YAMLSyntax`
       Learn about YAML syntax
   :doc:`playbooks_best_practices`
       Various tips about managing playbooks in the real world
   :doc:`index`
       Hop back to the documentation index for a lot of special topics about playbooks
   :doc:`modules`
       Learn about available modules
   :doc:`developing_modules`
       Learn how to extend Ansible by writing your own modules
   :doc:`intro_patterns`
       Learn about how to select hosts
   `Github examples directory <https://github.com/ansible/ansible-examples>`_
       Complete end-to-end playbook examples
   `Mailing List <http://groups.google.com/group/ansible-project>`_
       Questions? Help? Ideas?  Stop by the list on Google Groups



